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Family life Education Ground Rules • No putdowns of others’ values, comments or questions. • No question is “dumb.” • No talking while another member of the class is speaking • No asking of personal questions of the teacher or of another student • When possible, medical terminology should be used. • Respect the right to privacy. Don’t share personal information about yourself or share information about others without their permission Puberty - Males • Grow taller • Skin gets more oily, may cause skin problems • Hair grows on face and body • Shoulders get broader • Muscles Develop • Feet grow rapidly, may feel clumsy • Breast may feel tender or sore • Penis and testicles grow • Voice changes • Sweat glands develop • Pubic hair grows around genitals • Penis grows, gets darker in color and is now able to ejaculate semen • Testicles grow and begin to produce sperm and the male hormone testosterone Puberty - Females • Grow Taller • Skin gets more oily, may cause skin problems • Breast Develop • Skin around nipples gets darker in color • Hips Broaden • Glands in scalp produce more oil • Hair grows under arms • Sweat glands develop • Pubic hair grows around genitals • Feet grow rapidly • Ovaries begin to release an egg into the fallopian tubes • Uterus grows larger and begins to shred its blood filled lining (menstruation) Male Reproductive System A. B. The male reproductive cells are the sperm, which are produced in the testicles or testes. The testes are two sex glands located in a sac called the scrotum. 1. 2. 3. 4. The testicles form inside the body during fetal development and descends into the scrotum before birth. Sometimes one testicle may not descend and a boy will need medical treatment to correct the condition. The scrotum protects the glands by helping to maintain an even temperature needed for sperm production. In cold air or water, the scrotum will shrink and pull the testes closer to the body for warmth. When the body is warm, the scrotum will hang loosely to move the testes away from the body. The testicles correspond to the ovaries in woman because both ovaries and testicles produce reproductive cells. Male Reproductive System C. Production of sperm cells starts in early puberty. 1. Messages from the pituitary gland signal the development of testosterone, the male sex hormone which prompts the production of sperm. 2. Although a boy is physically capable of impregnating a woman at this time, the task of being a father in our complex society requires a greater level of maturity. 3. Sperm cells are so small they can only be seen by a microscope. Male Reproductive System D. Sperm are stored in small tubes in the testicles (seminiferous tubules). 1. 2. E. F. They move from the testicles through the vas deferens in a fluid called semen, which sustains the sperm before they are released from the body (ejaculation). The vas deferens end where it joins the urethra. Both urine and sperm are released from the body through the urethra. When sperm is released (ejaculation), a valve closes off the flow of urine. Semen 1. 2. 3. 4. Seminal vesicles add fructose Prostate gland adds alkaline fluid to protect sperm Cowper's gland adds lubrication Sperm comes from the testes Male Reproductive System G. When a man has strong sexual feelings, the blood flow out of the penis is slowed down and the spongy tissue of the penis fills with blood, causing the penis to become firm. This action is called an erection. 1. Boys may have a release of semen at night which is called nocturnal emission or “wet dreams”. a. It may or may not be caused by sexual dreams. b. It is also common occurrence in boys; it is also quite common not to experience this. H. Behind the genitalia, at the lower end of the buttocks, is the opening from the digestive system for eliminating wastes. Female Reproductive System A. The female reproductive cell is called ovum. 1. 2. B. Ova are stored in two sex glands called ovaries. 1. 2. 3. C. About 400,000 immature egg cells, or ova, are present at birth. About 400 ova will mature during a woman’s life. The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone which regulate the menstrual cycle. Each month an ovum in one of the ovaries will mature and be released. It’s believed that the ovaries “take turn”- one releasing one month, then other the next, and so on. These correspond to the testicles in the male, since both testicles and ovaries produce reproductive cells. The fallopian tubes are four to six inches long in a mature female. They curve around the ovaries and extend to the uterus. These tubes are the passageway through which the egg travels from the ovary to the uterus. Female Reproductive System D. The uterus is a hollow, muscular organ, also called the womb. 1. The uterus is designed to hold and nourish the fetus until birth. 2. The opening of the uterus into the vagina is a ring of muscle called the cervix. E. The vagina, also called the birth canal, extends from the uterus to the outside of the body. 1. Three functions of the vagina a. It is a passageway for the release of menstrual flow. b. It is the passageway for childbirth. c. It is the passageway for sperm and intercourse. Female Reproductive System F. At birth, the opening of the vagina is partly covered by a very thin membrane called the hymen. However, the hymen is usually broken as a young woman grows up, during vigorous activities (e.g. swimming, gymnastics, horseback riding, etc.). G. The external genitalia is called the vulva. 1. 2. 3. 4. H. Pubic hair covers the two outer folds or labia. The labia cover and protects the vaginal opening. Above the vaginal opening is the urethra, a very small opening that released urine. Also protected by the labia is a small, sensitive organ called the clitoris. Behind all of these, and not covered by the labia, is the anus, an opening from the digestive system through which passes the body’s waste materials. The Menstrual Cycle I. Ovulation (release of an egg cell) A. B. C. D. One of the things that happens during puberty is the production of hormones by the ovaries. Estrogen is the female hormone that causes the changes of puberty (physical growth, development of the ovaries, breast development, body hair, body contours) and stimulates the build up of the endometrium. About once a month an ovum (egg cell) matures and ripens. At the same time progesterone is released to signal the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to prepare for a fertilized egg. The Menstrual Cycle E. F. The ovum takes a four to six day trip down the fallopian tubes into the uterus. Occasionally, two or more ova are released at the same time resulting in twins. If the egg is not fertilized, the uterus will know that the endometrium is not needed. II. Menstruation A. B. Menstruation is when the lining of the uterus (the endometrium) begins to slowly pass out of the body through the vagina. Menstruation usually begins between the ages of nine and sixteen, and it is normal to begin earlier or later The Menstrual Cycle C. Menstruation may begin before ovulation takes place (and ovulation may take place before the first menstruation). D. Gradually a regular cycle will be established; however, it is very common and normal for the length of the menstrual cycle to be very irregular during the teen years. One needs to be very cautious about assuming they have a 28 day cycle, which is experienced by only 50% of mature woman. E. TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) is a disease caused by the presence of dangerous bacteria that grow rapidly in the vagina of women who are menstruating and using tampons. Fertilization • Fertilization occurs when the sperm and egg unite in the fallopian tube. – Identical twins = 1 egg/1 sperm but divides into 2 separate units; are genetically identical – Fraternal twins = 2 eggs/2 sperm – Conjoined twins = identical twins that do not fully divide Reproductive Terms • ED (erectile dysfunction) – inability to maintain or control an erection • Circumcision – removal of foreskin • Vasectomy – vas deferens are cut so sperm cannot mix with semen • Tubal ligation – Fallopian tubes are tied or cut • Ectopic pregnancy(tubal pregnancy) – fertilized egg attaches to fallopian tube or to another organ • In vitro fertilization (IVf) – egg and sperm joined outside of uterus • Artificial insemination – sperm inserted in uterus to fertilize egg • Caesarean Section (C-section) – removal/birth of baby through abdominal wall • Transgender – individual who identifies as a gender different from when they were born • Intersex – individual that has both male and female reproduction organs