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Family life
Education
Ground Rules
• No putdowns of others’ values,
comments or questions.
• No question is “dumb.”
• No talking while another member of
the class is speaking
• No asking of personal questions of
the teacher or of another student
• When possible, medical terminology
should be used.
• Respect the right to privacy. Don’t
share personal information about
yourself or share information about
others without their permission
Puberty - Males
• Grow taller
• Skin gets more oily, may
cause skin problems
• Hair grows on face and
body
• Shoulders get broader
• Muscles Develop
• Feet grow rapidly, may feel
clumsy
• Breast may feel
tender or sore
• Penis and testicles
grow
• Voice changes
• Sweat glands develop
• Pubic hair grows
around genitals
• Penis grows, gets
darker in color and is
now able to ejaculate
semen
• Testicles grow and
begin to produce
sperm and the male
hormone
testosterone
Puberty - Females
• Grow Taller
• Skin gets more oily,
may cause skin
problems
• Breast Develop
• Skin around nipples
gets darker in color
• Hips Broaden
• Glands in scalp
produce more oil
• Hair grows under
arms
• Sweat glands develop
• Pubic hair grows
around genitals
• Feet grow rapidly
• Ovaries begin to
release an egg into
the fallopian tubes
• Uterus grows larger
and begins to shred its
blood filled lining
(menstruation)
Male Reproductive System
A.
B.
The male reproductive cells are the sperm, which are
produced in the testicles or testes.
The testes are two sex glands located in a sac called
the scrotum.
1.
2.
3.
4.
The testicles form inside the body during fetal development
and descends into the scrotum before birth. Sometimes one
testicle may not descend and a boy will need medical
treatment to correct the condition.
The scrotum protects the glands by helping to maintain an
even temperature needed for sperm production.
In cold air or water, the scrotum will shrink and pull the testes
closer to the body for warmth. When the body is warm, the
scrotum will hang loosely to move the testes away from the
body.
The testicles correspond to the ovaries in woman because
both ovaries and testicles produce reproductive cells.
Male Reproductive System
C. Production of sperm cells starts in early
puberty.
1. Messages from the pituitary gland signal the
development of testosterone, the male sex hormone
which prompts the production of sperm.
2. Although a boy is physically capable of
impregnating a woman at this time, the task of being
a father in our complex society requires a greater
level of maturity.
3. Sperm cells are so small they can only be seen by a
microscope.
Male Reproductive System
D.
Sperm are stored in small tubes in the testicles
(seminiferous tubules).
1.
2.
E.
F.
They move from the testicles through the vas deferens in a
fluid called semen, which sustains the sperm before they are
released from the body (ejaculation).
The vas deferens end where it joins the urethra.
Both urine and sperm are released from the body
through the urethra. When sperm is released
(ejaculation), a valve closes off the flow of urine.
Semen
1.
2.
3.
4.
Seminal vesicles add fructose
Prostate gland adds alkaline fluid to protect sperm
Cowper's gland adds lubrication
Sperm comes from the testes
Male Reproductive System
G. When a man has strong sexual feelings, the
blood flow out of the penis is slowed down and
the spongy tissue of the penis fills with blood,
causing the penis to become firm. This action
is called an erection.
1. Boys may have a release of semen at night which is
called nocturnal emission or “wet dreams”.
a. It may or may not be caused by sexual dreams.
b. It is also common occurrence in boys; it is also quite
common not to experience this.
H. Behind the genitalia, at the lower end of the
buttocks, is the opening from the digestive
system for eliminating wastes.
Female Reproductive System
A.
The female reproductive cell is called ovum.
1.
2.
B.
Ova are stored in two sex glands called ovaries.
1.
2.
3.
C.
About 400,000 immature egg cells, or ova, are present at birth.
About 400 ova will mature during a woman’s life.
The ovaries produce estrogen and progesterone which
regulate the menstrual cycle.
Each month an ovum in one of the ovaries will mature and be
released. It’s believed that the ovaries “take turn”- one
releasing one month, then other the next, and so on.
These correspond to the testicles in the male, since both
testicles and ovaries produce reproductive cells.
The fallopian tubes are four to six inches long in a
mature female. They curve around the ovaries and
extend to the uterus. These tubes are the
passageway through which the egg travels from the
ovary to the uterus.
Female Reproductive System
D. The uterus is a hollow, muscular organ, also
called the womb.
1. The uterus is designed to hold and nourish the fetus
until birth.
2. The opening of the uterus into the vagina is a ring of
muscle called the cervix.
E. The vagina, also called the birth canal,
extends from the uterus to the outside of the
body.
1. Three functions of the vagina
a. It is a passageway for the release of menstrual flow.
b. It is the passageway for childbirth.
c. It is the passageway for sperm and intercourse.
Female Reproductive System
F.
At birth, the opening of the vagina is partly covered by
a very thin membrane called the hymen. However,
the hymen is usually broken as a young woman grows
up, during vigorous activities (e.g. swimming,
gymnastics, horseback riding, etc.).
G. The external genitalia is called the vulva.
1.
2.
3.
4.
H.
Pubic hair covers the two outer folds or labia.
The labia cover and protects the vaginal opening.
Above the vaginal opening is the urethra, a very small opening
that released urine.
Also protected by the labia is a small, sensitive organ called
the clitoris.
Behind all of these, and not covered by the labia, is the
anus, an opening from the digestive system through
which passes the body’s waste materials.
The Menstrual Cycle
I. Ovulation (release of an egg cell)
A.
B.
C.
D.
One of the things that happens during puberty is
the production of hormones by the ovaries.
Estrogen is the female hormone that causes the
changes of puberty (physical growth, development
of the ovaries, breast development, body hair,
body contours) and stimulates the build up of the
endometrium.
About once a month an ovum (egg cell) matures
and ripens.
At the same time progesterone is released to
signal the lining of the uterus (endometrium) to
prepare for a fertilized egg.
The Menstrual Cycle
E.
F.
The ovum takes a four to six day trip down the
fallopian tubes into the uterus. Occasionally, two
or more ova are released at the same time
resulting in twins.
If the egg is not fertilized, the uterus will know that
the endometrium is not needed.
II. Menstruation
A.
B.
Menstruation is when the lining of the uterus (the
endometrium) begins to slowly pass out of the
body through the vagina.
Menstruation usually begins between the ages of
nine and sixteen, and it is normal to begin earlier
or later
The Menstrual Cycle
C. Menstruation may begin before ovulation takes
place (and ovulation may take place before the first
menstruation).
D. Gradually a regular cycle will be established;
however, it is very common and normal for the
length of the menstrual cycle to be very irregular
during the teen years. One needs to be very
cautious about assuming they have a 28 day cycle,
which is experienced by only 50% of mature
woman.
E. TSS (Toxic Shock Syndrome) is a disease caused
by the presence of dangerous bacteria that grow
rapidly in the vagina of women who are
menstruating and using tampons.
Fertilization
• Fertilization occurs when the sperm
and egg unite in the fallopian tube.
– Identical twins = 1 egg/1 sperm but divides
into 2 separate units; are genetically
identical
– Fraternal twins = 2 eggs/2 sperm
– Conjoined twins = identical twins that do
not fully divide
Reproductive Terms
• ED (erectile dysfunction) – inability to maintain or control an
erection
• Circumcision – removal of foreskin
• Vasectomy – vas deferens are cut so sperm cannot mix with
semen
• Tubal ligation – Fallopian tubes are tied or cut
• Ectopic pregnancy(tubal pregnancy) – fertilized egg attaches to
fallopian tube or to another organ
• In vitro fertilization (IVf) – egg and sperm joined outside of uterus
• Artificial insemination – sperm inserted in uterus to fertilize egg
• Caesarean Section (C-section) – removal/birth of baby through
abdominal wall
• Transgender – individual who identifies as a gender different from
when they were born
• Intersex – individual that has both male and female reproduction
organs