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Transcript
The Cold War at Home 18.3 and 18.4 Communists and Spies!!! • After WWII, many Americans felt that Communism was going to spread throughout the US and they began investigating Americans to see who these subversive people were. • The House Un-American Activities Committee began investigating the movie industry in 1947. • The “Hollywood Ten” refused to testify before Congress because they said it was unconstitutional. 5th Amendment much?? • Hollywood created a “blacklist” which banned 500 actors from ever working again. • Alger Hiss – in 1948 a former Communist spy named Whittaker Chambers accused Alger Hiss of being a spy for the Soviet Union. • The government was unable to charge Hiss with espionage (spying), but instead convicted him of perjury. • Hiss never admitted guilt, but in the 1990s Soviet documents indicated he was guilty. The Rosenbergs… • The USSR exploded an atomic bomb in 1949, about 3-5 years early. In 1950 a German-born physicist admitted giving the USSR information about our bomb. • Ethel and Julius Rosenberg were implicated in this crime. They were minor activists in the American Community Party, they pleaded the 5th, and denied the charges. • • The judge said that they were guilty and there crime was “worse than murder.” • Despite international protests, the Rosenbergs were executed using the electric chair for espionage—the first civilians executed for such crime in the US. McCarthyism – Attacking the Unknown! • • • • Senator Joseph McCarthy, a Republican from Wisconsin, claimed that Communists were taking over the government. He claimed to have the evidence in his hands, but never proved anything he claimed. McCarthy always made his accusations on the Senate floor where he had immunity. Senator Margaret Chase Smith, a Republican from Maine, finally spoke out against McCarthy: (Don’t write the quote!) “I speak as a Republican. I speak as a woman. I speak as a US Senator. I speak as an American… I am not proud of the way in which the Senate has been made a publicity platform for irresponsible sensationalism. I am not proud of the reckless abandon in which unproved charges have been hurled from this side of the aisle.” (Don’t write the quote!) • Mc Carthy finally accused the Army of being Communist. He was reprimanded by the Senate and died three years later of alcoholism. Two Nations Live on the Edge • The Hydrogen Bomb – On Nov 1, 1952 the US tested the first H-Bomb. It was 67 times more powerful than the bomb dropped on Hiroshima. Just 10 months later the USSR tested their own bomb. • Brinkmanship – President Eisenhower developed the plan that we would be prepared to go to the edge of all-out war by developing nuclear weapons and scaling back the traditional navy and army. • Schools did nuclear drills and Americans built bomb shelters in case of nuclear attack. The threat existed at any moment and lasted for the next 30 years. NATO vs. The Warsaw Pact • The North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) was created as a mutual defense organization after WWII for Western Europe, the US, and Canada. • In response the USSR formed the Warsaw Pact with Eastern Europe. • President Eisenhower issued the Eisenhower Doctrine which stated the US would block the spread of Communism in the Middle East. This was a warning to the USSR. The Space Race and a U-2 • After Stalin died, Nikita Krushchev became the leader of the Soviet Union. He believed that Communism would take over the world through scientific advancement. • In October 1957 the USSR launched Sputnik, the first satellite to orbit the Earth. The Russians had beaten the Americans! • Americans developed the U-2 spy plane to take high altitude spy photos over the USSR. The flights were very controversial. • In 1960, the last scheduled flight took place. The plane was shot down by the Russians. Eisenhower was forced to stop the flights, but he refused to apologize to Krushchev. • The “U-2 Incident” caused a joint conference to be cancelled and made the 1960s a very tense decade between both the USA and the USSR. • Kennedy and Cuba Fidel Castro was a communist revolutionary leader of Cuba. He welcomed military aid from the USSR. Two weeks before Kennedy took office, Eisenhower cut off all relations with Cuba. • 10% of the Cuban population fled in exile because Castro was a tyrant. • Bay of Pigs – Eisenhower gave permission for the CIA to train Cuban exiles and to invade Cuba. Kennedy gave permission for the plan, even though he wasn’t sure it was a good idea. • On April 17, 1961 1,500 exiles with the US military landed in the Bay of Pigs in Cuba. The plan was a disaster. The CIA reported the Air Force had taken out the Cuban Air power, but they had not. • The American forces were captured by 25,000 Cuban troops. This was a HUGE embarassment. • Kennedy had to pay Castro $35 Million in food and medical supplies in order to get the release of the surviving commandos. • The Cuban Missile Crisis – On October 14, 1962 Kennedy learned that the USSR had put nuclear weapons in Cuba that were ready to launch and could hit US cities in minutes. • On October 22 Kennedy informed the US that he was going to blockade Cuba and prevent any Russian weapons from reaching Cuba. He also said that an attack on the US would trigger an automatic attack on the USSR. • The crisis ended with the USSR turning their boats around. The US promised not to invade Cuba, and the USSR removed all missiles from Cuba. The US removed missiles from Turkey. • Krushchev’s reputation was damaged and Kennedy became a hero. The Berlin Wall • Berlin was divided into East and West Berlin. From 1950 to 1961, 3 million East Germans fled into West Germany to escape the Communist rule. This weakened their economy and embarrassed the USSR. • Kennedy and Krushchev fought over the closing of road and air access into West Berlin. After very tense exchanges Kennedy won. • Krushchev kept access open to West Berlin for the western countries, but he built the Berlin Wall which divided Berlin in half. • This stopped the flow of refugees, but it also became a symbol of communist oppression. • In 1987 President Reagan spoke at the wall challenging the Soviet leader Gorbachev: “Mr. Gorbachev, Tear down this wall!” It was done in 1989. • The wall officially was gone by 1990 when Germany reunified. In Summary… • The Cold War Video.