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Introduction to Environmental Engineering Dr. Kagan ERYURUK Grading Grade = 60% midterm + 40% final • Midterm 15% 1st Quiz 15% 2nd Quiz 15% Homework 55% Midterm exam • Final 100% Final exam Text book and exams (Midterm & Final) • Introduction to environmental engineering, • • • P. Aarne Vesilind, Susan M. Morgan, Laure, G. Heine, Cengage Learning, Stamford, USA. Closed/open book section – short answer questions and problems covering concepts Only text book (class notes) and nonprogrammable calculator allowed on open book section No cell phones will be allowed as a calculator Policies • You are responsible for everything covered in class, in the • • reading, and in the assigned homework problems. No late homework accepted. No make-up exams, except for documented emergencies. Policies • Professional behavior expected – punctual – well mannered (polite), respectful and non-distractive – TURN CELL PHONES OFF IN CLASS! • Academic dishonesty – representing the work of others as your own will result in a grade of 0.0 for the course. In most cases, formal disciplinary action of Sakarya University will also be initiated. What is Environmental Science? • Science can be differentiated into the social sciences and natural sciences. • Natural sciences include – core sciences chemistry, biology, and physics. – numerous applied sciences such as geology, meteorology, forestry, and zoology. – environmental science is an integrative applied science that draws upon nearly all of the natural sciences to address environmental quality and health issues. Environmental Engineering Defined (1) THE APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES FOR ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY CONTROL, WITH EMPHASIS ON AIR, LAND, AND WATER RESOURCES AND THE DESIGN, CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR PROTECTING AND IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE ENVIRONMENT. Environmental Engineering Defined (2) Environmental engineering uses environmental science principles, along with engineering concepts and techniques, to assess the impacts of public activities on the environment, of the environment on people, and to protect both human and environmental health. Environmental Engineers • Use Fundamental Engineering Principle to Solve Environmental Problems. Environmental Engineering Job Opportunities • Consulting firms of all sizes – Research (Pilot Plant Studies, Treatability Studies) – Design – Problem Solving (Researcher) • Government – Ministry of Environment and Urban Development – Municipalities (City or County Governments) The Interdisciplinary Nature of Environmental Science and Engineering • Groundwater contamination by leaking gasoline storage tanks; – – – – hydrogeology geochemistry microbiology hydraulics • Urban air pollution – Chemistry – Mechanical Engineer – Atmospheric Scientist Primary Topics • Core environmental science concepts – chemistry – material and energy balances – ecosystems – risk assessment • Hydrology and earth sciences • Water quality • Water treatment Primary Topics (cont.) • • • • Wastewater treatment Air pollution control Solid waste management Hazardous and industrial waste management Environmental Systems Units of Measurement Defining Systems • Systems are defined by boundaries that distinguish between the • elements of interest and the surroundings. Each element has a set of states or properties. Types of Environmental Systems • Isolated systems – no interaction with surroundings across the • • system boundary, only approximated under laboratory conditions. Closed systems – energy can be transferred across system boundaries, but matter can not. Open systems – both matter and energy can be transferred across boundary. Systems can be of any scale • • • • • • • • Global water cycle Regional aquifer Lake Vadose zone of an irrigated plot Beaker in a titration experiment Raindrop Bacterial cell Monolayer of water on a particle surface Common Prefixes Quant. Prefix Symbol Quant. Prefix Symbol 10-15 femto f 101 deka da 10-12 pico p 102 hecto h 10-9 nano n 103 kilo k 10-6 micro 106 mega M 10-3 milli m 109 giga G 10-2 centi c 1012 tera T 10-1 deci d 1015 peta P Concentration Units 1. Molar concentration molarity, M = moles of solute liter of solution 2. Mass percent and volume percent mass of solute mass % 100 total mass of solution volume of solute volume % 100 total volume of solution mass of solute mass/vol % 100 total volume of solution Often used when solute is a liquid Often used when solute is a solid Concentration Units 3. ppm, ppb, ppt 1 ppm 1 in 106 1 mg/g 1 mg/L molecules mass mass/volume 1 ppb 1 in 109 1 ng/g 1 μg/L 1 ppt 1 in 1012 1 pg/g 1 ng/L 4. Mole fraction and mole percent n mole fraction, XA = A ntotal (no units) mole percent = XA · 100 Concentration Units 5. Molal concentration molality, m = moles of solute kg of solvent SOLIDS • Concentrations most commonly expressed as mass of • substance per mass of solid mixture, e.g. mg/kg, g/g 1 mg/kg = 1 mg-substance per kg solid = 1 part per million by weight = 1 ppm LIQUIDS • Concentrations most commonly expressed as mass of • substance per unit volume of mixture, e.g. mg/L, g/L, g/m3 Occasionally, molar concentrations, e.g. moles/liter (M) or equivalents/liter (N) Perspectives on Concentration • 1 ppm is one drop in 15 gallons • 1 ppb is one drop in a large swimming pool Conversion of Liquid Concentrations • For solutions and mixtures that are mostly water, 1kg of • mixture = 1 liter (specific gravity = 1): – 1 mg/L = 1 g/m3 = 1 ppm (by weight) – 1 g/L = 1 mg/m3 = 1 ppb (by weight) For high concentrations, 1 kg 1 liter: – mg/L = ppm (by weight) × specific gravity of mixture GASES 1 volume of gaseous pollutant 106 volumes of air 1 ppm (by volume)1 ppmv • Volume:volume ratio is used because concentrations are independent of pressure and temperature changes Volume of an Ideal Gas • Ideal gas law: PV = nRT P = absolute pressure (atm) V = volume (L) n = mass (moles) R = gas constant = 0.082056 L·atm·K-1 ·mol-1 T = absolute temperature (K) K = °C + 273