Download What is Environmental Science?

Introduction to Environmental
Engineering
Dr. Kagan ERYURUK
Grading
Grade = 60% midterm + 40% final
• Midterm
15% 1st Quiz
15% 2nd Quiz
15% Homework
55% Midterm exam
• Final
100% Final exam
Text book and exams (Midterm & Final)
• Introduction to environmental engineering,
•
•
•
P. Aarne Vesilind, Susan M. Morgan,
Laure, G. Heine, Cengage Learning,
Stamford, USA.
Closed/open book section – short answer
questions and problems covering concepts
Only text book (class notes) and nonprogrammable calculator allowed on open
book section
No cell phones will be allowed as a
calculator
Policies
• You are responsible for everything covered in class, in the
•
•
reading, and in the assigned homework problems.
No late homework accepted.
No make-up exams, except for documented emergencies.
Policies
• Professional behavior expected
– punctual
– well mannered (polite), respectful and non-distractive
– TURN CELL PHONES OFF IN CLASS!
• Academic dishonesty
– representing the work of others as your own will result in a
grade of 0.0 for the course. In most cases, formal
disciplinary action of Sakarya University will also be
initiated.
What is Environmental Science?
• Science can be differentiated into the social sciences and
natural sciences.
• Natural sciences include
– core sciences chemistry, biology, and physics.
– numerous applied sciences such as geology, meteorology,
forestry, and zoology.
– environmental science is an integrative applied science that
draws upon nearly all of the natural sciences to address
environmental quality and health issues.
Environmental Engineering Defined (1)
THE APPLICATION OF ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES AND
PRACTICES
FOR
ENVIRONMENTAL
QUALITY
CONTROL, WITH EMPHASIS ON AIR, LAND, AND
WATER
RESOURCES
AND
THE
DESIGN,
CONSTRUCTION, OPERATION, AND MAINTENANCE OF
SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR PROTECTING AND
IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE AND THE
ENVIRONMENT.
Environmental Engineering Defined (2)
Environmental engineering uses environmental science
principles, along with engineering concepts and
techniques, to assess the impacts of public activities on
the environment, of the environment on people, and to
protect both human and environmental health.
Environmental Engineers
• Use Fundamental Engineering Principle to Solve
Environmental Problems.
Environmental Engineering
Job Opportunities
• Consulting firms of all sizes
– Research (Pilot Plant Studies, Treatability Studies)
– Design
– Problem Solving (Researcher)
• Government
– Ministry of Environment and Urban Development
– Municipalities (City or County Governments)
The Interdisciplinary Nature of Environmental
Science and Engineering
• Groundwater contamination by leaking gasoline storage tanks;
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–
–
–
hydrogeology
geochemistry
microbiology
hydraulics
• Urban air pollution
– Chemistry
– Mechanical Engineer
– Atmospheric Scientist
Primary Topics
• Core environmental science concepts
– chemistry
– material and energy balances
– ecosystems
– risk assessment
• Hydrology and earth sciences
• Water quality
• Water treatment
Primary Topics (cont.)
•
•
•
•
Wastewater treatment
Air pollution control
Solid waste management
Hazardous and industrial waste management
Environmental Systems
Units of Measurement
Defining Systems
• Systems are defined by boundaries that distinguish between the
•
elements of interest and the surroundings.
Each element has a set of states or properties.
Types of Environmental Systems
• Isolated systems – no interaction with surroundings across the
•
•
system boundary, only approximated under laboratory
conditions.
Closed systems – energy can be transferred across system
boundaries, but matter can not.
Open systems – both matter and energy can be transferred
across boundary.
Systems can be of any scale
•
•
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•
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•
Global water cycle
Regional aquifer
Lake
Vadose zone of an irrigated plot
Beaker in a titration experiment
Raindrop
Bacterial cell
Monolayer of water on a particle surface
Common Prefixes
Quant.
Prefix
Symbol
Quant.
Prefix
Symbol
10-15
femto
f
101
deka
da
10-12
pico
p
102
hecto
h
10-9
nano
n
103
kilo
k
10-6
micro

106
mega
M
10-3
milli
m
109
giga
G
10-2
centi
c
1012
tera
T
10-1
deci
d
1015
peta
P
Concentration Units
1. Molar concentration
molarity, M = moles of solute
liter of solution
2. Mass percent and volume percent
mass of solute
mass % 
100
total mass of solution
volume of solute
volume % 
100
total volume of solution
mass of solute
mass/vol % 
 100
total volume of solution
Often used when
solute is a liquid
Often used when
solute is a solid
Concentration Units
3. ppm, ppb, ppt
1 ppm
1 in 106
1 mg/g
1 mg/L
molecules
mass
mass/volume
1 ppb
1 in 109
1 ng/g
1 μg/L
1 ppt
1 in 1012
1 pg/g
1 ng/L
4. Mole fraction and mole percent
n
mole fraction, XA = A
ntotal
(no units)
mole percent = XA · 100
Concentration Units
5. Molal concentration
molality, m =
moles of solute
kg of solvent
SOLIDS
• Concentrations most commonly expressed as mass of
•
substance per mass of solid mixture, e.g. mg/kg, g/g
1 mg/kg = 1 mg-substance per kg solid
= 1 part per million by weight
= 1 ppm
LIQUIDS
• Concentrations most commonly expressed as mass of
•
substance per unit volume of mixture, e.g. mg/L, g/L, g/m3
Occasionally, molar concentrations, e.g. moles/liter (M) or
equivalents/liter (N)
Perspectives on Concentration
• 1 ppm is one drop in 15 gallons
• 1 ppb is one drop in a large swimming pool
Conversion of Liquid Concentrations
• For solutions and mixtures that are mostly water, 1kg of
•
mixture = 1 liter (specific gravity = 1):
– 1 mg/L = 1 g/m3 = 1 ppm (by weight)
– 1 g/L = 1 mg/m3 = 1 ppb (by weight)
For high concentrations, 1 kg  1 liter:
– mg/L = ppm (by weight) × specific gravity of
mixture
GASES
1 volume of gaseous pollutant
106 volumes of air
1 ppm (by volume)1 ppmv
• Volume:volume ratio is used because concentrations are
independent of pressure and temperature changes
Volume of an Ideal Gas
• Ideal gas law: PV = nRT
P = absolute pressure (atm)
V = volume (L)
n = mass (moles)
R = gas constant = 0.082056 L·atm·K-1 ·mol-1
T = absolute temperature (K)
K = °C + 273