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Roman Theatre Founded in the 8th Century Rose into World Power in the 3rd Century Official start of Roman Theatre was 240 B.C. Pre-Greek Influences Beginning time of the Italian theatre was 6th through the 4th century The city in Italy named Etruria was more advanced than Rome Etruria festivals included music, dance, boxing, wrestling, chariot races, and gladiatorial contests. Pre-Greek Influences First Italian performances dated back to 368 B.C. Here, music and dance were used to appease the gods. Dialogue was first used as improvisation by histriories, (actors and/or dancers). A ruler of Rome established the ludi 2, the festival at which Greek drama was later presented in 616-579 B.C. It included chariot races and boxing contests. Roman Festivals Festivals were held for special reasons: War Victories Dedication of building and monuments Funerals Private individuals Roman Festivals The officials Festivals Ludi Romani: In honor of Jupiter, (The supreme God.) Held each September. It included comedy and tragedy. Roman Festivals The officials Festivals Ludi Florales: In April in honor of Flora, (Goddess of Flowers.) Roman Festivals The officials Festivals Ludi Cereales: Given in honor of Ceres, (the goddess of agriculture). October Drama Under the Romans Most of the significant writing happened during 204 to 75 B.C. The Writers Livius Andranicus: Gnaeus Naevius:. Quintus Ennivs Marcus Pactivuius Lacius Accius Terence Plautus - Comedy Seneca - Tragedy Roman Theatre Structures The first permanent theatre building was constructed around 55-54 B.C. The first theatre was dedicated to the goddess Venus, named the Theatre of Pompey Theatres had to be connected to Roman Temples. The stage had to be facing the temple. Roman Theatre Structures Characteristics of a Roman Theatre Built on Ground Level Vertical aisles divided the auditorium, or cavea, into sections similar to a stadium The stage house, or scaena (same as Skene), and the cavea were formed into one unit. Roman Theatre Structures Characteristics of a Roman Theatre There was a vomitoria, or corriders (same as Paradoi), provided so actors could get onto the cavea and orchestra. The orchestra was an exact half-circle and was used for sitting privileged guests, dancing, animal fights, gladiatorial contests, and/or water balloons. Roman Theatre Structures Characteristics of a Roman Theatre The stage, or pulpitum, was raised about five feet upstage of the orchestra. The façade, or scaena frons, of the stage house was decorated with columns, niches, and statues. There was a roof over the stage Dressing rooms were housed in a wing. Actors and Acting Actors were called histriones. Histriones were always men. Mimes, or mimus, were sometimes women and were inferior to the histriones. Roscius –most famous actor No limit to how many actors were allowed in a company; but usually only five or six actors were used. Facial expressions were important because no masks were worn. Violence was celebrated and encouraged on stage as opposed to the Greeks Styles of Acting Tragedy – slow, stately, declamatory delivery Comedy—more rapid and conversational Movements likely enlarged Actors probably specialized in one type of drama, but did others Encores if favorite speeches given (no attempt at "realism") Mimes – no masks Greek or roman costumes Music was largely included