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Animal Behavior IB 429
Exam 2
Name: ____Key
UIN:
NOTE: Question numbers are for Form A, Form B numbers are in parentheses. Correct answers
are highlighted in bold and italics.
1. (8) Crab spiders mimic flowers in order to:
A. attract potential mates
B. escape detection by bird predators
C. escape detection by prey, such as bees
D. A and B
E. B and C
2. (1) Caddisfly larvae avoid predators by:
A. sequestering toxic substances from their food
B. building cryptically colored protective cases from the surrounding substrate
C. rapid color changes to match the surrounding environment
D. A and B
E. A and C
3. (2) Rapid adaptive camouflage (color-changing) is observed in which of the following
types of animals?
A. Tropical flounders
B. Squid-relatives (e.g. cuttlefish)
C. Decorator crabs
D. A and B
E. All of the above
4. (16) Poison dart frogs are an example of a group of species representing a Mullerian
mimicry complex.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
5. (6) Evidence supports which of the following statements to help explain how Monarch
butterflies could evolve warning coloration to advertise unpalatability to bird predators?
A. Birds instinctually avoid bright-colored Monarch butterflies, without ever having
to eat them
B. Birds quickly learn to avoid bright-colored Monarchs, and don’t always kill
them during attacks
C. Bright coloration can be used to startle birds, so that attacks never result in the
Monarchs being eaten
D. Bright coloration may result in a few individuals being killed and eaten, but this
can evolve because it benefits the species
6. (3) In ungulates such as the Thompson’s gazelle, evidence suggests that stotting behavior
is an effective antipredator strategy because:
A. it warns other gazelles of the presence of a predator, leading to mass herd
movement and a “confusion effect”
B. it alerts the predator it has been spotted, causing the predator to more often
abandon the attack
C. it draws the predator’s attention to the stotting animal and away from vulnerable
offspring
D. it makes it more difficult for the predator to pursue the stotting animal as opposed
to a stationary target
7. (4) Optimal foraging theory predicts:
A. individuals should try to maximize foraging benefits (e.g. high caloric intake)
B. individuals should try to limit foraging costs (e.g. less time spent foraging)
C. all animals do forage optimally
D. A and B
E. All of the above
8. (5) If the predictions of optimal foraging theory are not met, what are some of the
important factors that must be considered to understand an animal’s foraging strategy?
A. risk of predation to the animal while foraging
B. risk of parasitism to the animal while foraging
C. special defenses of prey or food plants
D. A and B
E. All of the above
9. (7) American oyster catchers are birds that eat mainly medium sized mussels. Data
supports which of the following hypotheses of optimal foraging theory?
A. Medium mussels are most profitable because they are neither too small (few
calories) nor too hard to open (long handling time)
B. Medium mussels are found more frequently in the environment, therefore the oyster
catcher saves searching time by eating the most readily available food
C. Medium mussels are the easiest to open, so the oyster catcher saves handling time and
energy by eating oysters mostly of this size
D. B and C
E. all of the above
10. (9) Spice usage by humans may be adaptive because:
A. spices provide extra calories
B. spices have antimicrobial properties
C. spices provide rare nutrients
D. A and B
E. B and C
11. (10) An area in which individuals spend most of their time is called:
A. territory
B. home range
C. lek
D. all of the above
12. (11) Why are animals of many species NOT philopatric?
A. to avoid outbreeding depression
B. to avoid competition with relatives for resources
C. to avoid predation risk associated with dispersal
E. B and C
13. (12) Which of the following statements is true of sex-biased dispersal
A. Females more often disperse from their natal range than males
B. It is an important way to avoid inbreeding
C. Dispersal has higher costs for males compared to females
14. (13) Invasive species are usually unintentionally introduced by humans to a new area and can
often be ecologically or economically costly.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
15. (14) An experiment by Robert Jaeger showed that red-backed salamanders with neighboring
territories were less aggressive to each other than red-backed salamanders whose territories were
far away from each other. This is an example of:
A. sex-biased dispersal
B. the “dear enemy” phenomenon
C. kin selection
D. Fisher’s “runaway” selection
16. (15) Parasitoid wasps use male cricket calls to hone in on their hosts. This is an example of:
A. Cooperative signaling
B. Deceitful signaling
C. Incidental signaling
D. Spiteful signaling
17. (17) Female least auklets were presented with stuffed male models that had artificial crests
attached to either the head or breast. Researchers found that females responded with a sexual
display with higher frequency to males with large crests attached to their heads. Because males
in the wild have no such crests, we can conclude:
A. Females in the wild use head crests for species recognition
B. Females in the wild use head crests to determine mate quality
C. Females possess a sensory bias- a preference for head crests
D. The ancestor of least auklets must use head crests for mate choice
18. (18) The redness of male house finches results from carotenoids derived from their diets.
Because females choose mates on the basis of redness of their plumage, this trait represents an
honest signal of male ability to find food.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
19. (19) Which of the following bee dances is observed when a forager returns from a food
source that is close by (less than 50 meters from the hive)?
A. Waggle dance
B. Round dance
C. Grooming dance
D. Tremble dance
20. (27) In honey bee dance communication, the ________ is the signaler, and the ________ is
the receiver.
A. Recruit, scout
B. Scout, recruit
C. Forager, nurse
D. Nurse, forager
21. (28) In the experiment in which von Frisch turned honey bee hives on their side, he found
evidence that:
A. Honey bees communicate distance using the number of waggles per run
B. Honey bees communicate direction with the angle of the waggle run
C. Bees use gravity as a vertical reference for the waggle run
D. A and B
E. B and C
22. (29) In the waggle dance, the quality of the food source is correlated with:
A. The number of waggles per run
B. The direction of the waggle run
C. The dance tempo
D. The total number of waggle runs
23. (20) Which of the following statements describes the results of James Gould’s definitive
1975 experiment?
A. Odor cues are not necessary for the dance language to communicate information.
B. Forager bees were able to misdirect others to a food source they had never visited.
C. Bees arrived at feeding stations with the same odor carried by experimental foragers.
D. A and B
E. B and C
24. (21) The recruitment system of Apis florea (Indian honey bee) may be more primitive than
that of Apis mellifera (European honey bee) because:
A. A. florea dances do not communicate distance
B. A. florea dances are performed in the open and point directly at the food source
C. A. florea use pheromones to mark their foraging trails
D. A. florea uses sound instead of dance patterns to communicate distance and direction
of food sources
25. (22) Recent phylogenetic evidence suggests that:
A. Honey bee dances probably evolved from more primitive forms of recruitment in
stingless bees
B. Honey bee and stingless bee recruitment systems evolved independently from a
common ancestor that had no form of recruitment
C. Honey bee and stingless bee recruitment systems were derived from a common
ancestor that had a primitive form of recruitment
D. Honey bees and stingless bees are closely related, explaining why recruitment
systems in these bees share many similarities
26. (23) Forager bees are able to measure distance based on:
A. The amount of energy they used during flight
B. The amount of optic flow of the landscape they pass during flight
C. An internal clock
D. The number of wing beats performed during flight
27. (24) Which of the following animal taxa do NOT include members which are asexual?
A. Amphibians
B. Mammals
C. Reptiles
D. Fish
28. (25) Which of the following is NOT a feature of sexual reproduction?
A. Anisogamy
B. Syngamy
C. Recombination
D. Isogamy
29. (26) Which of the following is a potential cost of sexual reproduction?
A. Faster adaptive evolution
B. Accumulation of mutations (Muller’s ratchet)
C. Recombination can break up beneficial combinations of alleles
D. The production of isogametes
For questions 30, 31, and 32, answer A. YES or B. NO as to which of the following observations
about the sexual behavior of different animals would have been predicted by differential
investment in gametes of males and females?
30. (30) In a survey of college undergraduates, researchers found that on average men reported
3x the number of desired lifetime sexual partners as women.
A. YES
B. NO
31. (31) In large ostrich-like birds called emus, after egg laying the female deserts the offspring,
leaving the male to care for them.
A. YES
B. NO
32. (32) Female house finches choose mates based on the redness of their plumage.
A. YES
B. NO
33. (33) Which of the following male traits is an example of an adaptation to sperm
competition?
A. Mate guarding behavior
B. Nuptial gift giving
C. Increased sperm production
D. A and B
E. All of the above
34. (34) Which of the following is an advantage of the alternative reproductive strategy of being
a “sneaker” male?
A. Sneaker males usually acquire higher reproductive success than territorial males
B. Sneaker males save energy because they do not need to maintain and defend
territories
C. Sneaker males mate more than territorial males, and therefore fertilize more of the
female’s offspring due to “last male precedence”
35. (39) House finch males with red colored plumage are preferred by females. After a major
epidemic in a finch population, the surviving males were on average more red than before the
epidemic. This provides evidence that could support which hypothesis of female mate choice:
A. Healthy mate hypothesis
B. Fisher “runaway” sexual selection
C. Sensory bias hypothesis
D. A and B
E. B and C
36. (35) Fisher’s “runaway” model of sexual selection requires which of the following two steps:
A. The preference for a trait evolves first, then selection acts on the trait.
B. A sensory system evolves for one function, then a preference for a novel trait evolves
as a result of “exploitation” of the sensory system.
C. A trait arises giving males a fitness advantage, then female preference for the trait
evolves.
D. A trait arises at a cost to males, then females prefer the trait because it is evidence that
males can survive despite a handicap.
37. (36) Which of the following best describes Mueller’s Ratchet:
A. Recombination can help get rid of deleterious mutations in a lineage.
B. Recombination can help combine favorable mutations in a lineage.
C. A lack of recombination promotes the accumulation of deleterious mutations in a
lineage.
D. A lack of recombination promotes the accumulation of favorable mutation in a
lineage.
38. (37) Which of the following best describes Mueller’s Ratchet:
A. Recombination can help get rid of deleterious mutations in a lineage.
B. Recombination can help combine favorable mutations in a lineage.
C. A lack of recombination promotes the accumulation of deleterious mutations in a
lineage.
D. A lack of recombination promotes the accumulation of favorable mutation in a
lineage.
39. (38) Which of the following is a FALSE statement about elephant seals?
A. A single male can gain >40% of all copulations.
B. Males can be >50% larger than females.
C. Males fight for access to females.
D. Males help take care of offspring
40. (40) Anisogamy is best defined by which of the following statements?
A. When a male mates with multiple females.
B. The union of gametes of differing size.
C. When a female mates with multiple males.
D. The union of gametes of the same size.
41. (41) An individual that produces large gametes is more likely to _________ relative to one
that produces small gametes?
A. Produce more gametes.
B. Produce gametes via mitosis.
C. Have a larger territory.
D. Be choosier when picking a mate.
42. (42) Which of the following is evidence of sensory bias?
A. Males do elaborate displays to gain the attention of females.
B. A component of a male’s phenotype is correlated with the ability to find food.
C. Female preference for a trait precedes the evolution of the trait.
D. Twice as many males are produced than females in a single brood.
43. (45) Which of the following best explains why in owls one ear is higher than the other?
A. To better detect the direction of the source of sound.
B. It is not adaptive, but indicative of developmental errors.
C. To protect their ears from other males during male-male competition.
44. (43) Which of the following statements best defines “sensory tuning”?
A. When the sensory perception of an animal is most sensitive to a particular
(adaptive) range of stimulus.
B. A perceptual screening mechanism used by predators to search visually for cryptic,
edible prey.
C. A succession of musical sounds forming an air or melody, with or without the
harmony accompanying it.
D. The decoupling of sensory perception and neurochemical signaling that results in the
heightened ability to detect stimuli.
45. (50) A territory is best defined as___________.
A. An area that an animal occupies.
B. An area with resources.
C. An area that an animal defends against intruders.
D. An area suitable for reproduction.
46. (44) Which of the following was NOT a conclusion of a study that examined the role of
testosterone of the territorial behavior of lizards?
A. Lizards receiving both food supplements and testosterone had higher survivorships
than the other experimental lizards.
B. Lizards that only received the testosterone had the lowest survivorship throughout
most of the experiment.
C. Testosterone alone affected territorial behavior but not survivorship of lizards.
47. (46) Navigation is different than orientation because navigation implies ______.
A.
B.
C.
D.
A sense of time.
A sense of current location.
The ability to navigate at night and on cloudy days.
Requires the use of a global positioning system (GPS).
48. (47) The femme fatal lightening bug lures males of other species to her, to eat, by mimicking
the light pattern used by those other species for mate attraction. This is an example of _______.
A. Eavesdropping.
B. Spiteful signaling.
C. Deceitful signaling.
D. Parasitism.
49. (48) Which of the following models of sexual selection invoke a direct of indirect benefit to
the female by being choosy:
A. Indicator mechanisms
B. Runaway sexual selection
C. Chase-away sexual selection
50. (49) The statement “Individuals should distribute themselves across habitats so they
maximize their benefits” describes which of the following:
A. Optimal Foraging Theory
B. Ideal Free Distribution
C. Game Theory
Extra Credit:
51. (51) Experiments with a robot bee demonstrated that:
A. Odors are necessary for the dance language to effectively communicate
B. Sounds produced during dancing are necessary to effectively communicate
C. The dance language must use multiple sensory modalities to communicate
D. A and B
E. B and C
52. (52) Ospreys live in “colonies” of many breeding birds. If one returns with a fish (food),
other individuals leaving to forage will fly in the same direction that the successful forager has
come from. According to Alcock, Osprey colonies are acting as which of the following:
A. Information centers.
B. Group foragers
C. Altruists
D. Group selected traits