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World War II 1939 - 1945 Europe Moves Toward War 1936: German troops moved into the Rhineland. This was prohibited by the Treaty of Versailles. 1936: Hitler and Mussolini signed an alliance, creating the Axis. More Steps Toward War March 1938: Germany annexed Austria. Sept. 1938: Munich conference: Hitler forced the British and French to give him the Sudetenland in return for a promise not to invade the rest of Czechoslovakia. March, 1939: Hitler took over Czechoslovakia. War in Europe Begins March 31, 1939: Britain and France agreed to protect Poland in case of a German invasion. August, 1939: Nazi-Soviet NonAggression Pact Sept. 1, 1939: Hitler invaded Poland, starting WWII. Sept, 3, 1939: Britain and France declared war on Germany and Germany and Italy declared war on them. The Japanese Empire Japan wanted to expand to meet the land needs of a growing population and to obtain more raw materials and markets for its industries. 1931: Japan seized Manchuria 1937-40: Japan seized most of E. China Sept. 1940: Japan joins the tripartite pact, becoming an ally of Italy and Germany. America and WWII America initially stayed out of the war, but began a naval build up in the Pacific to counter the expansion of Japan. 1939: FDR moved the Pacific fleet from San Diego to Pearl Harbor. Disillusionment from WWI and the Great Depression contributed to the popularity of isolationism in America. American Involvement Grows Neutrality Acts of the mid to late 1930’s made it impossible for the US to give loans to nations at war or to allow any combatant to buy on credit. FDR had to find other ways to help out the British and the French in their fight against Fascism. March 1941: Lend-lease began. Pearl Harbor Japanese negotiators agreed to meet with US diplomats. While they met, the Japanese decided to sent a fleet to Pearl Harbor to destroy the US Pacific fleet. Dec. 7, 1941: Japanese forces attacked Pearl Harbor killing 2,400, wounding 1,200, and destroying 300 Am. Planes, 18 warships, and 8 of the 9 US battleships. WAR Dec. 8, 1941: FDR delivered a war message to Congress. Within 3 days, the US was at war with Japan, Germany, and Italy. A Grim Future for the Allies In Jan. 1942, the Axis powers had a big advantage in Europe. By then, Britain was almost defeated, the Axis controlled almost all of continental Europe, and German troops had captured most of North Africa. German subs were trying to keep food and supplies from reaching Britain. The Invasion of Italy July, 1943: Am. Troops commanded by General George Patton attacked Sicily. 38 days later, Sicily fell and Mussolini was overthrown by a disillusioned Italian population. Hitler captured Mussolini and set up a fascist state in N. Italy, and Italian and German troops continued to fight the Allies in Italy. War in Italy Sept. 1943: Italy surrendered to the allies, and many Italians began to fight against Mussolini and Hitler. Sept. 1943 - Jan. 1944: US forces are stalled by Hitler’s troops . Finally in January, the US landed forces behind the German lines at Anzio, just South of Rome. War in the Soviet Union June, 1941: Germany attacked the Soviet Union with 3.6 million German soldiers. The USSR asked the US for lend-lease help, but FDR refused, afraid to be caught helping a communist nation. Eventually, the USSR repelled the German attack, but this was only a temporary victory. Map of the 1942 German Invasion of the USSR The Battle of Stalingrad From September to November, 1942, the Germans shelled and attacked the city of Stalingrad. The USSR refused to surrender the city and house - to - house fighting saved the city from defeat. By late November, the USSR launched a counteroffensive and began to win the battle. A Turning Point Jan. 31, 1943: 90,000 surviving German soldiers surrendered to the Soviet army in Stalingrad. This was the turning point of the war in the east: after this the USSR never lost another battle, and the Germans did not launch any more offensives in the east. War in W. Europe The US began to bomb Germany in 1942 using carpet bombing tactics. In 1943, the amount of bombs dropped in Germany doubled. By 1944, the US was bombing Germany 24 hours a day. The bombing of Dresden was one of the most famous campaigns of the air war. D-Day June 6, 1944: Allied troops commanded by Eisenhower landed on the beaches of Normandy and began the invasion of W. Europe and the liberation of France. Despite brutal German resistance, 2 million allied soldiers occupied France by July. The US Frees W. Europe American forces continued to defeat the Germans and freed Paris by August, 1944. In Sept., Belgium and Holland were freed from Nazi control. The Battle of the Bulge Dec. 1944: Germany launched its last offensive in the war attacking Americans in Belgium and Luxembourg. Patton arrived a few days later with 250,000 men. This was the largest battle ever fought by the US army and the largest battle of WWII. The Battle of the Bulge The US won the battle. Over 800,000 Americans fought here and 80,000 Americans died. Germany fought with over 2 million soldiers, and lost about 200,000 men. After this battle, the Germans realized the war was lost. German Surrender The Americans continued to bomb Germany and attack from the Western front, while the Soviets continued their attacks on Germany from the East. May 8, 1945: V-E Day: Germany surrendered. The Yalta Conference Feb. 1945: The “Big Three” met at Yalta in the USSR to plan the post-war world. Yalta Conference All agreed to split Germany into 4 zones of occupation and to also split the capital city, Berlin. Stalin promised to allow free elections in the nations his army liberated from Germany. Stalin agreed to enter the war against Japan soon after the German surrender. War in the Pacific On Dec. 7, 1941, about one-half of General MacArthur’s air force was destroyed on the ground at Clark Air Field in the Philippines. Within days, a large Japanese force landed in the Philippines and MacArthur withdrew to the Bataan Peninsula on Manila Bay. There he set up defenses, hoping the US Navy could evacuate his men to safety. Japanese Kamikazes Japanese kamikazes were suicide pilots who crashed their planes which were heavily loaded with bombs into allied ships. During the war, the US experienced about 4,900 kamikaze attacks which destroyed 57 American ships and damaged about 650 others. A Kamikaze Pilot The Battle of Iwo Jima The battle for this 14 square mile island was one of the bloodiest battles of the war. 25,000 Japanese protected the small rocky island and it took over 110,000 Americans to defeat them. Only 216 Japanese surrendered--the rest died. More US medals of honor were given for this battle than any other single battle of the war. Marines Raising the US Flag at Iwo Jima American Offensives Iwo Jima was located about 700 miles from Japan. Its capture was another step toward an eventual invasion of the Japanese home islands. The next island to fall to the Americans was Okinawa, which was located about 350 miles from Japan. The Bombing of Hiroshima August 6, 1945: On President Truman’s orders, the Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on the city of Hiroshima. It destroyed about 90% of the city and killed about 140,000 people. Nagasaki When the bombing of Hiroshima did not elicit a surrender from the Japanese government, a 2nd atomic bomb was dropped on Nagasaki on August 9, 1945. The bomb on Nagasaki was equally destructive and led to a Japanese surrender. V-J Day August 14, 1945: Japan agreed to an unconditional surrender. The formal surrender was signed on September 2, 1945 on the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay, officially ending WWII. The Results of the War After the defeat of the Axis powers, all territories that had been taken over by Japan were returned to their pre-war status. All of the German-occupied territories were supposed to be given free elections, but only the W. European nations became democratic. Stalin refused to honor the Yalta agreements and made E. Europe into a series of Communist dictatorships. World War II Allied Deaths Nation Military Civilian Total France 122,000 470,000 592,000 Britain 305,800 60,600 366,400 US 405,400 0 405,400 USSR 11,000,000 6,700,000 17,700,000 World War II Axis Deaths Nation Military Civilian Total 2,350,000 5,600,000 226,900 60,000 286,900 1,740,000 393,400 2,133,400 Germany 3,250,000 Italy Japan