Download Chapter 14 – Revolution and Nationalism (1900 – 1939)

Chapter 14 – Revolution and
Nationalism (1900 – 1939)
Section 1 – Revolutions in Russia
Main Idea: Long-term social unrest in Russia exploded in revolution,
and started the first Communist government
Why It Matters Today: Communist Party controlled the Soviet Union
until the country’s breakup in 1991
Czars resist change
• Alexander II (assassinated) is followed by
Alexander III
– Sticks to autocracy form of govt.
• Censorship, secret police and pogroms
• Uniform Russian culture (ONLY RUSSIAN
EVERYTHING)
• Nicholas II takes over (1894) and
continues this program
– State is changing and he fails to recognize
Russia Industrializes
• With French and British help, Russia
industrializes esp. in steel but this causes
problems
– Bad working conditions, low wages, child labor
• Because of conditions Marxist ideas caught on
– Proletariat, (workers), bolsheviks, mensheviks
Crises: Home and Abroad
• Russo-Japanese War
– Lost to Japan in 1904
"The present ruler has lost absolutely the affection of the
Russian people, and whatever the future may have in store
for the dynasty, the present tsar will never again be safe in
the midst of his people.”
The American consul in Odessa
Bloody Sunday
•Jan 22, 1905: workers marched on Winter
Palace
•Soldiers fired into crowd (Generals’ orders)
Strikes all over Russia
Nicholas promised freedom and created
Duma (Parliament)
 10 weeks later, Czar dissolved the group
Crises Cont…
• WWI debacle
– Russia not prepared for war & in 1915 Nicholas
moved to front lines
– This left Czarina Alexandra to run the
country
• Ignored advisors and instead listened to
Rasputin (“holy man” with magical
healing powers)
• He gave friends high positions in govt
and made key decisions about the country
– 1916 a group of nobles killed him
– Mean while:
no food + no supplies = NO SOLDIERS FIGHTING
March Revolution
• March 1917: women textile workers revolt in
Petrograd
• No bread or fuel help incite more (200,000 total)
• Soldiers at first shot the crowd then side with them
– Czar Nicholas forced to abdicate throne
• Year later, royal family executed
– Germany secretly sneaks Lenin into the country to incite riots
• Provisional Govt set up with
Alexander Kerensky as the
leader
Bolshevik Revolution
• With Lenin leading the
charge, Soviets cry for power
• November 1917 armed factory workers storm the
Winter Palace
– Calling themselves the Bolshevik Red Guards they
arrest the leaders of the provisional govt
• Lenin turns control of land and factories over to the people
• Sign treaty ended WWI with Germany (lose land)
Cont…
• Russians angry with Treaty terms and murder of
Royal Family
• Civil War erupts
White Army (support the rule of czar)
vs.
Red Army (Bolsheviks led by Trotsky)
Russia’s civil war killed around
14 million people
Left Russia in turmoil
Red Army is victorious
Lenin takes control and aims to heal the
economy
•1921- New Economic Plan hits
1. Allowed selling of excess crops
2. Allowed a few private businesses
3. Encouraged foreign trade
•1922- Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) created
 Bolsheviks now become the Communist Party
1922- Lenin suffers stroke and Joseph Stalin takes control