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Countries of East Asia ©CSCOPE 2008 REGIONS OF EAST ASIA CHINA PROPER- Eastern half XIZANG (TIBET)- Mountains and high plateaus; sparsely populated XINJIANG- Desert basins and mountains; a cultural contact zone with Islam MONGOLIA- A desert; buffer between Russia and China THE JAKOTA TRIANGLE JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA, TAIWAN ©CSCOPE 2008 Cultural Characteristics of East Asia WORLD’S MOST POPULOUS REALM One of the world’s earliest cultural hearths Political and economic forces continue to force the historical and cultural landscapes Population concentrations in the East, situated in river basins and special economic zones. ©CSCOPE 2008 CHINA’S RELATIVE LOCATION ISOLATION Natural Protective Barriers EFFECTS OF THE PACIFIC OCEAN A history of emperors who restricted the use of the coastline. Today the ocean is playing a major role in the economic transformation of COASTAL CHINA. ©CSCOPE 2008 Historical Perspectives: China One of the world’s greatest cultural hearths Continuous civilization for over 4,000 years View of China as the center of the civilized world. Historically China is a closed society ©CSCOPE 2008 CONFUCIUS CHINA’S MOST INFLUENTIAL PHILOSOPHER AND TEACHER 551- 479 BC. EMPHASIZED THAT HUMAN VIRTUES, RATHER THAN GODLY CONNECTIONS, SHOULD DETERMINE A PERSON’S PLACE IN SOCIETY TEACHINGS HAVE DOMINATED CHINESE LIFE AND THOUGHT FOR MORE THAN 20 CENTURIES ©CSCOPE 2008 Buddhism Buddha ©CSCOPE 2008 Taoism Lao-tzu The Great Wall ©CSCOPE 2008 ©CSCOPE 2008 CHINA’S POLITICAL MAP 4 CENTRAL-GOVERNMENT-ADMINISTERED MUNICIPALITIES BEIJING (CAPITAL); TIANJIN (PORT CITY); SHANGHAI (LARGEST CITY); CHONGQUING (INTERIOR RIVER PORT) 5 AUTONOMOUS REGIONS NEI MONGOL (INNER MONGOLIA); NINGXIA HUI; XINJIANG UYGUR (NW); GUANGXI ZHUANG (SOUTH); XIZANG (TIBET) 22 PROVINCES LARGER IN THE WEST ©CSCOPE 2008 Chinese Leaders in the 20th Century Chiang Kai-shek (Nationalists) Mao Zedong (Mao Tse-tung)leader of Communist Party Deng Xiao Ping- replaced Maocreated the Chinese socialist market economy Hu Jintao (2002 - ) Present leader ©CSCOPE 2008 MAO’S CHINA: COMMUNISM RISES 1950s- 1976 COMMUNIST REGIME LAUNCHED MASSIVE PROGRAMS OF REFORM FARMING WAS COLLECTIVIZED INDUSTRIES WERE REORGANIZED AS STATEOWNED ENTERPRISES DRAMATIC SOCIAL CHANGESEDUCATION, RELIGION, POPULATION GROWTH ©CSCOPE 2008 DENG XIAOPING ERA TOOK POWER IN 1979 ATTEMPTED TO UNITE COMMUNIST POLITICAL RULE WITH CAPITALIST ECONOMIC PRACTICES= SOCIALIST MARKET ECONOMY. DECENTRALIZED DECISION-MAKING ©CSCOPE 2008 ECONOMIC INITIATIVES SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES OPEN CITIES 6 SEZs ESTABLISHED; 3 IN GUANGDONG PROVINCE INVESTMENT INCENTIVES: LOW TAXES, IMPORT/EXPORT REGULATIONS LESSENED INCLUDED 14 COASTAL CITIES NATIONAL INVESTMENT FOCUSED ON SHANGHAI OPEN COASTAL AREAS ALSO DESIGNED TO ATTRACT FOREIGN INVESTMENTS CONCENTRATED ALONG PACIFIC COAST DELTAS AND PENINSULAS ©CSCOPE 2008 SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES INVESTOR INCENTIVES LOW TAXES EASING OF IMPORT AND EXPORT REGULATIONS SIMPLIFIED LAND LEASES HIRING OF CONTRACT LABOR PERMITTED PRODUCTS MAY BE SOLD IN FOREIGN MARKETS AND IN CHINA (UNDER CERTAIN RESTRICTIONS) ©CSCOPE 2008 ETHNIC GROUPS Other 8% Han 92% ©CSCOPE 2008 Han Other LANGUAGES Chinese is one of the world’s oldest active languages. Spoken Chinese varies dialect to dialect although the characters (over 50,000) used to represent the language remain the same. Since Chinese is written in characters rather than by a phonetic alphabet, Chinese words must be translated so foreigners can pronounce them. ©CSCOPE 2008 PINYIN THE MOST ACCEPTED SYSTEM OF ROMANIZING CHINESE Chinese Bei Nan Xi Dong Jing Shan He Jiang ©CSCOPE 2008 Translation North South West East Capital Mountain River (in the north) River (in the south) XIZANG (TIBET) A HARSH PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT SPARSELY POPULATED CAME UNDER CHINESE CONTROL DURING THE MANCHU DYNASTY IN 1720 GAINED SEPARATE STATUS IN THE LATE 19TH CENTURY CHINA’S COMMUNIST REGIME TOOK CONTROL IN THE 1950s CORNERSTONE OF BUDDHISM, THE DALAI LAMA, AND MONASTERIES NOW AN AUTONOMOUS REGION ©CSCOPE 2008 The Potala Palace in Lhasa, Tibet, is the ceremonial home of the 14th Dalai Lama, now in exile in India. ©CSCOPE 2008 XINJIANG COMPRISES ONE-SIXTH OF CHINA’S TOTAL LAND AREA A REGION OF HIGH MOUNTAINS AND BASINS CHINESE ONLY ACCOUNT FOR 40% OF THE POPULATION MUSLIMS ACCOUNT FOR HALF OF THE POPULATION HAS EXTENSIVE RESERVES OF OIL AND NATURAL GAS ©CSCOPE 2008 MONGOLIA STEPPE AND DESERT ENVIRONMENT SPARSELY POPULATED WITH AN ESTIMATED 2.5 MILLION INHABITANTS PART OF THE CHINESE EMPIRE FROM LATE 1600s UNTIL 1911 FUNCTIONS AS A BUFFER STATE ECONOMY IS FOCUSED ON HERDING AND ANIMAL PRODUCTS ©CSCOPE 2008 JAPANESE HISTORY 600 - 800 Chinese cultural influence 1000 -1300 War, Medieval society arises, shoguns evolve 1600 -1867 Tokugawa Shogunate, isolation, foreigners and Christianity expelled, individualistic culture, emphasis on Shinto belief system 1868: Meiji Restoration ©CSCOPE 2008 MEIJI RESTORATION 1868 Rebellion brought in reformers. Reinstated the emperor and began to transform Japan from a Feudal society with pre-machine age technology to an industrial power. Focus was on industrialization and education system. ©CSCOPE 2008 EXPANSIONIST JAPAN TAIWAN KOREA MANCHURIA CHINA HONG KONG SOUTHEAST ASIA ©CSCOPE 2008 1895 1910 1931 1937 1939 1941 SHINTOISM ©CSCOPE 2008 JAPANESE POPULATION Population: Birth rate: Death rate: Growth rate: Life expectancy: Urbanization: ©CSCOPE 2008 127.4 million 8 births/1,000 8 deaths/1,000 0.0% 78 (M), 85 (F) 78% KOREA The size of “Idaho” but with a population of 73 million Turbulent political history: A dependency of China A colony of Japan Divided along the 38th parallel by Allied Powers > WWII (1945) Cease-fire line established in 1953 (DMZ) separates North Korea and South Korea ©CSCOPE 2008 NORTH-SOUTH CONTRASTS NORTH KOREA 55% of the land, 1/3 of the population, extremely rural Antiquated state enterprises Inefficient, non-productive agriculture Limited trade – former Soviet Union and China SOUTH KOREA 45% of the land, 2/3s of the population, highly urbanized Modern factories Intensive, increasingly mechanized agriculture Extensive trade – US, Japan, and Western Europe ©CSCOPE 2008 THE KOREAS- COMPARED POPULATION 23,600,000 49,200,000 GNP (BILLIONS) $ 21.3 $ 508.3 GNP/CAPITA $ 920 $ 17,300 AGRICULTURE (as % of GNP) (% work force) ©CSCOPE 2008 25 % 36 % 8% 21 % TAIWAN ©CSCOPE 2008 Chiang Kai-shek Memorial TAIWAN Historical background: A Chinese province for centuries Colonized by Japan in 1895 Returned to China > WWII 1949 – Chinese Nationalists (supported by the US) fled from the mainland and established the Republic of China (ROC) Population – 22.7 million 77% urbanized ©CSCOPE 2008