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Learning Outcomes
Chapter 2
Challenges for Managers
1.
Describe the factors that affect organizations competing in the
global economy.
2.
Explain how cultural differences form the basis of work-related
attitudes.
3.
Describe the challenges and positive influences diversity brings to
today’s business environment.
4.
Discuss the role of ethics, character, and personal integrity in the
organization.
5.
Explain five issues that pose ethical dilemmas for managers.
6.
Describe the effects of technological advances on today’s
workforce.
© 2013 Cengage Learning
Four Challenges
Globalization
Diversity
Ethics
Technology
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1
Learning Outcome
Describe the factors that affect
organizations competing in the global
economy.
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Changing Business
Perspectives
From International (which
implies an individual’s or
organization’s held nationality
is strongly in consciousness)
To Globalization (which
implies the world is free
from national boundaries and
that it is really a borderless world)
© 2013 Cengage Learning
Changing Business Perspectives
From Multinational Organizations
(in which the organization was
recognized as doing business
with other countries)
To Transnational Organizations
(in which the global viewpoint
supersedes national issues)
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CHANGES IN THE
GLOBAL MARKETPLACE
• Opening of Chinese market
• Creation of the European Union
• Establishment of NAFTA
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Understanding Cultural Differences
HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS
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2
Learning Outcome
Explain how cultural differences form
the basis of work-related attitudes.
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Where the U.S. Stands
ON HOFSTEDE’S DIMENSIONS
INDIVIDUALISM
Collectivism
High power distance
High uncertainty avoidance
Low power distance
LOW UNCERTAINTY AVOIDANCE
MASCULINITY
Long-term orientation
Femininity
SHORT-TERMM ORIENTATION
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Developing Cross-Cultural
Sensitivity
• Cultural sensitivity training
• Cross-cultural task forces/teams
• Global view of human resource
functions
• Planning
• Recruitment and Selection
• Compensation
• Training and Development
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3
Learning Outcome
Describe the challenges and positive
influences diversity brings to today’s
business environment.
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Diversity
all forms of individual differences,
including culture, gender, age,
ability, personality, religion,
personality, social
status, and sexual orientation
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Diversity Statistics for the
Workplace
Ethnic
2020 Workforce: 68% white non-Hispanic
14% Hispanic
11% African-American
5% Asian
Gender
2020 Workforce: 50% male
50% female
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WOMEN
& OBSTACLES AT WORK
•
•
•
•
Comprise over 46% of the workforce
Earn 49% of all doctorates
Earn 60% of master’s degrees
Earn 58% of undergraduate degrees
BUT
• Little increase in number of women CEOs.
• Earn 81% of what male counterparts do.
• Encounter the glass ceiling in the workplace
© 2013 Cengage Learning
Diversity Statistics Affecting
the Workplace
Age
By 2030, people over 65 will comprise
20% of the population.
Ability
An estimated 50 million disabled live in the
U.S.; their unemployment rate exceeds
50%.
© 2013 Cengage Learning
Diversity’s Benefits &
Problems
BENEFITS
PROBLEMS
• Attracts and retains the
best talent
• Improves marketing efforts
• Promotes creativity and
innovation
• Results in better problem
solving
• Enhances organizational
flexibility
•
•
•
•
•
Resistance to change
Lack of cohesiveness
Communication problems
Interpersonal conflicts
Slower decision making
© 2013 Cengage Learning
4
Learning Outcome
Discuss the role of ethics, character,
and personal integrity in the
organization.
© 2013 Cengage Learning
Ethical
Theories
[Consequential Theory]
an ethical theory that emphasizes the consequences or
results of behavior
[Rule-Based Theory]
an ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the act
itself rather than its effects
[Character Theory]
an ethical theory that emphasizes the character of the
individual and the intent of the actor instead of the
character of the act itself or its consequences
© 2013 Cengage Learning
5
Learning Outcome
Explain five issues that pose ethical
dilemmas for managers.
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Employee Rights Issues
Technology and privacy
HIV/AIDS
Confidentiality
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Sexual Harassment =
Unwanted Sexual Attention
• Gender Harassment – crude comments;
behaviors that convey hostility toward a
particular gender
• Unwanted Sexual Attention – unwanted
touching, unwanted pressure for dates
• Sexual Coercion – demands for sexual
favors through job-related threats or
promises
© 2013 Cengage Learning
Organizational Justice
Distributive Justice –
fairness of the outcomes
that individuals receive
in an organization
Procedural Justice –
fairness of the process
by which the outcomes
are allocated in an
organization
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Individual and Organizational
Responsibility
Whistle-Blower – an employee who
informs authorities of wrongdoing by
his or her company or coworkers
– Public Hero or Vile Wretch?
Social Responsibility – the obligation
of an organization to behave ethically
in its social environment
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The Four Way Test
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6
Learning Outcome
Describe the effects of technological
advances on today’s workforce.
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Technological Innovation
Technology
The intellectual and mechanical processes used by an
organization to transform inputs into products or
services that meet organizational goals.
Internet
Examples
Expert System
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Robotics
Alternative Work
Arrangements
Telecommuting
Satellite offices
Virtual offices
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Alternative Work
Arrangements
[Employees]
•
•
•
Gain flexibility
Save the commute to work
Enjoy the comforts of home
[But, they ]
•
•
•
•
Have distractions
Lack socialization opportunities
Lack interaction with supervisors
Identify less with the organization
© 2013 Cengage Learning
Technological Change
Requires Managers To:
• Develop technical competence to
gain workers’ respect
• Focus on helping workers manage
the stress of their work
• Take advantage of the wealth of
information available to motivate,
coach, and counsel—not to control
© 2013 Cengage Learning
Help Employees Adjust by:
• Involving them in decision making
regarding technological change
• Selecting technology that increases
workers’ skill requirements
• Providing effective training
• Establishing support groups
• Encouraging reinvention (creative
application of new technology)
© 2013 Cengage Learning
1. While watching this sequence,
pretend you have arrived in Tokyo,
and you are experiencing what you
are seeing. Do you understand
everything you see?
Lost in Translation
2. Is Charlotte bewildered by her
experiences? Is she experiencing
some culture shock?
3. What aspects of Japanese culture
appear in this sequence? What do
you see as important values of
Japanese culture? Review the
Chapter 2 section, "Cultural
Differences," to gain some insights
about these questions.
© 2013 Cengage Learning
1. What practices at Theo Chocolate
illustrate the concept of social
responsibility?
Theo Chocolate
2. What does Vice President Debra Music
mean when she says that Theo is a
“triple bottom line” company? What
happens if Theo’s social objectives
conflict with the organization’s
economic objectives?
3. What does fair trade mean to the
leaders at Theo, and how does this
relate to workers’ rights and
organizational justice?
© 2013 Cengage Learning