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Human Skin Tissue Equivalent: A Model for Human Skin Studies Verhoeff's Elastic Stain: collagen in the dermis is stained red, cell nuclei are stained black and the epidermis is stained dark brown. Keratinocytes will form a functional stratum corneum Epidermal Layer Keratinocytes in basal layer Dermal Layer Dermal fibroblasts, which produce: Collagen, elastin, MMP-1, and hyaluronic acid Human Skin Tissue Equivalent: A Model for Human Skin Studies Alcian Blue (pH 2.5) Stain: Hyaluronic acid in the dermis is stained blue. Nuclear fast red was used to counterstain the epidermis Epidermal Layer Hyaluronic Acid: Dermal Layer 1. Highly charged glycosaminoglycan found in the extracellular environment. 2. Attracts water, forming a gel. 3. Cosmetic function: provides volume to skin. 4. Loss of HA with aging (skin atrophy) 5. Materials which can increase HA production can have an anti-aging effect by providing volume to aged skin (anti-wrinkling effect)