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World War II Shaping of the Modern World Core 151 Fall 2007 Current Events: The Issue with Turkey During World War I, The Ottoman Empire (What is now modern Turkey) was responsible for the systematic killing of nearly 1.5 million Armenians – Killing was religiously motivated The Armenian Massacre was never officially labeled Genocide – The Armenians lack a strong interest group in the time period since The United States Congress is currently trying to pass a resolution labeling it as such. – Highly Political Issue The Timing…? War in Iraq Democrat vs. Republican Historical Perspective Background Causes 1. Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis, a military alliance was formed. (later called Axis powers) 2. Axis Totalitarianism – All were dictatorships 3. Axis Militarism 4. Axis Nationalism A. Japan – Shinto teachings – Emperor worship B. Italy – recreate the old Roman Empire C. Germany – the “master race” will rule 5. Axis Imperialism 6. Failure of the Policy of Appeasement. – Great Britain allowed the dictators to take lands hoping they would be satisfied. A. B. 1938 Germany annexed Austria – why – Austria is a German Cultured land. 1938 Germany annexed Czechoslovakia – why – German speakers in the Czech Republic. 7. US Neutrality Europe 1939 World War II in Europe and Africa The War The Spark… 1939 Hitler wants Poland – England says NO Germany attacks Poland on September1, 1939 -- war begins again in Europe Blitzkrieg War – “Lightning War” – use of planes, tanks, long range artillery, and troops with precision and speed – – – – Luftwaffe Panzers Storm Troopers Howitzers War on Three Fronts – World-Wide Involvement 1. 2. 3. Europe Africa Asia War in Africa North African Campaign :10 June 1940-16 May 1943 Egypt-Libya Campaign – El Alamein, 1942-1943 American landing in French Morocco, 1942 Tunisian Campaign 1943 Consisted of British (and company), French, and American troops. Point of departure for the Invasion of Italy. Patton vs. Rommel War in Europe • 1939 Soviet Anti-Aggression Pact. – leave Russia alone. • • French defenses called the Maginot Line • • • • • • • This would be short lived Expensive – Construction ended at the forest. English troops defend Belgium (Schlieffen Plan) Germans attack through the forest French and British troops were forced to the coast 338,00 troops were evacuated from Dunkirk Hitler marched into Paris in 1940. Established the Vichy Republic and Fortress Europe. Germany prepares to invade England. The Battle of Britain 24 hr. Bombing Campaign of England. War in Europe • Hitler made mistakes • Invaded Russia – in the Fall of 1940 –he opened up a 2 front war. • Practiced terrible cruelty towards the Russians. • 1942-1943 Battle of Stalingrad. Russia stops the Nazis and pushes them back toward Germany. • Considered the Bloodiest Battle in Human History • Combined 1.5 Million casualties • For a time, the average lifespan of a new Russian Solider Lifespan was less than one day • Many starved or froze to death • Italian Campaign 1943 • D-Day – Normandy 1944 • VE Day - 9 May 1945 • Hitler commits suicide in his bunker 30 April • German troops surrender in France 7 May, in Germany 8 May, and on the eastern front 9 May War in Asia • 7 May 1937 Japan invaded China – why? • Japan needs raw materials to build its war machines • Japan needs petroleum to fuel its war machines • Japan had been grabbing Asian Islands • December 1941, Japan Bombs Pearl Harbor• United States formally declares war against Empire of Japan December 8 • Soon declares war on Hitler and Germany • USA also begins fighting a Two-Front war • 4 June – 7 June 1942 Battle of Midway – Turning point • Decisive American victory • asserted American naval dominance in the Pacific • Island Hopping Campaign • Spring 1945 Iwo Jima – Okinawa • Atomic Bomb • 6 August 1945 - Hirohima • 9 August 1945 – Nagasaki • 15 August 1945 – VJ Day Outcomes American Superpower Status – US as the Supreme Victor Lack of domestic battlefield Massive mobilization effort Science and technology Cold War – Ideological struggle for power and influence between the USSR (Communist) and USA (Democratic) – The Spoils of War – Division of Europe – “The Iron Curtain” Outcomes Decline of Europe – Rise of Asia – Devastated again from war – Most European governments would never fully regain status as world powers German Split Weak France Italy in disarray Rebuilding in Brittan World Government Organization – Rise of the United Nations as an International peacekeeping organization – Permanent and Rotating Membership – Based in New York, NY Nuclear Age – The Landscape of Warfare is forever changed following the awe-inspiring use of atomic weapons to conclude World War II – Once developed, Nuclear Technology soon was copied by the USSR, China, France, Britain, Israel, etc… World War II: Total War Total war is a military conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another nation's ability to engage in war. – This was true for all nations involved in WWII This total war concept is more focused toward Civilian Life Occurs when the conflict requires the entire effort of the society Home Front World War II was responsible for ending the Global Economic Crisis, by replacing it was a Global Military Crisis Industrial Production shifted entirely toward war efforts – Lipstick factor --- Bomb Factory – No 1943-1945 Model Cars Government organized war efforts – Production Boards – Office of War Information Importance of Propaganda to the effort Methods of Production and Organization Shaped Post-war countries Leadership During World War II FDR -- USA Hitler -- Germany Stalin -- USSR Churchill -- Britian Japan (Hirohito)