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Chapter 11 Digestive System Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Chapter 11 Lesson 11.1 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-2 Objectives Identify organs and structures of the digestive system. Define and spell the word parts related to the digestive system. Define, pronounce and spell disease and disorder terms related to the digestive system. Define, pronounce and spell surgical terms related to the digestive system. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-3 Function of the Digestive System with the help of accessory organs, prepares ingested food for use by body cells through physical and chemical digestion and eliminates the solid waste products from the body. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-4 Organs of the Digestive System Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-5 Organs of the Digestive Tract mouth: opening through which food passes into the body palate (soft): posterior portion (not supported by bone) palate (hard): anterior portion (supported by bone) uvula: soft V-shaped mass that hangs from the soft palate; directs food into the throat Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-6 Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d.) tongue: attached in the posterior region of the mouth. It provides movement of food for mastication, directs food to the pharynx for swallowing, and is a major organ for taste and speech pharynx (throat): performs the swallowing action that passes food from the mouth to the esophagus. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-7 Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d.) esophagus: 10-inch tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach stomach: J-shaped sac that mixes and stores food container for food fundus: uppermost domed portion of the stomach body: central portion of the stomach pylorus: lower part of the stomach that connects to the small intestine antrum: lower portion of the stomach Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-8 Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d.) stomach (cont’d.) pyloric sphincter: ring of muscle that guards the opening between the stomach and duodenum small intestine: 20-foot canal extending from the pyloric sphincter to the large intestine duodenum: 1st 10 to 12 inches of small intestine jejunum: 2nd portion; approx. 8 feet ileum: 3rd portion; approx. 11 feet, connects with large intestine Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-9 Organs of the Digestive Tract (cont’d.) large intestine: canal approx. 5 feet and extends from the ileum to the anus cecum: blind U-shaped pouch that is the first portion of the large intestine colon: next portion; divided into 4 parts: ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid rectum: last portion; approx. 8 to 10 inches long, extends from the sigmoid colon to the anus anus: sphincter muscle that keeps an opening tight at the end of the digestive tract Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-10 Anatomy of the Large Intestine Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-11 Accessory Organs salivary glands: produce saliva, which flows into the mouth to begin the digestion process liver: produces bile, which is necessary for the digestion of fats bile ducts: passageways that carry bile; hepatic duct is passageway for bile from liver, and the cystic duct carries bile from the gallbladder; they join to form the common bile duct, which conveys bile to the duodenum Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-12 Accessory Organs (cont’d.) gallbladder: small, saclike structure that stores bile pancreas: produces pancreatic juice, which helps digest all types of food and secretes insulin for carbohydrate metabolism Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-13 Other Structures peritoneum: serous sac lining of the abdominal and pelvic cavities appendix: small pouch, which has no known function, attached to the cecum abdomen: portion of the body between the thorax and the pelvis Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-14 Clicker Question In choledocholithiasis, which is the word root that means stone? doch b) lith c) chol a) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-15 Combining Forms of the Digestive Tract an/o antr/o cec/o col/o, colon/o duoden/o enter/o esophag/o Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-16 Combining Forms of the Digestive Tract (cont’d.) gastr/o ile/o jejun/o or/o, stomat/o proct/o, rect/o sigmoid/o Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-17 Combining Forms of the Accessory Organs/Combining Forms Commonly Used with Digestive System Terms abdomin/o, celi/o, lapar/o appendic/o cheil/o cholangi/o chol/e choledoch/o Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-18 Combining Forms of the Accessory Organs/Combining Forms Commonly Used with Digestive System Terms (cont’d.) diverticul/o gingiv/o gloss/o, lingu/o hepat/o herni/o palat/o pancreat/o peritone/o polyp/o pylor/o sial/o steat/o uvul/o Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-19 Diverticulum of the Large Intestine Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-20 Prefix and Suffix Prefix hemi- Suffix -pepsia Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-21 Types of Hernias A B C A, hiatal; B, inguinal; C, umbilical. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-22 Polyps Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-23 Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts appendicitis cholangioma cholecystitis choledocholithiasis cholelithiasis diverticulitis diverticulosis esophagitis gastritis gastroenteritis gastroenterocolitis gingivitis Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-24 cholelithiasis choledocholithiasis Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-25 Disease and Disorder Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.) hepatitis hepatoma palatitis pancreatitis peritonitis polyposis proctoptosis rectocele sialolith steatohepatitis uvulitis Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-26 Clicker Question Which is inflammation of a structure of the mouth? proctoptosis b) uvulitis c) esophagitis a) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-27 Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts adhesion anorexia nervosa bulimia nervosa cirrhosis Crohn disease duodenal ulcer gastric ulcer gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-28 Disease and Disorder Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.) intussusception irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) obesity peptic ulcer polyp ulcerative colitis volvulus Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-29 Peptic Ulcer Sites Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-30 Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts abdominoplasty anoplasty antrectomy appendicectomy celiotomy cheilorrhaphy cholecystectomy choledocholithotomy colectomy colostomy diverticulectomy enterorrhaphy esophagogastroplasty gastrectomy gastrojejunostomy Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-31 Surgical Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.) gastroplasty gastrostomy gingivectomy glossorrhaphy hemicolectomy herniorrhaphy ileostomy laparotomy palatoplasty polypectomy pyloromyotomy pyloroplasty uvulectomy uvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-32 PEG Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-33 ileostomy colostomy Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-34 Colonoscopy and Polypectomy Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-35 Surgical Terms Not Built from Word Parts abdominoperineal resection (A & P resection) anastomosis bariatric surgery hemorrhoidectomy vagotomy Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-36 Clicker Question Which term refers to the creation of an artificial opening? anastomosis b) colostomy a) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-37 Chapter 11 Lesson 11.2 Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. Objectives Define, pronounce and spell diagnostic terms related to the digestive system. Define, pronounce and spell complementary terms related to the digestive system. Interpret the meaning of abbreviations related to the digestive system. Interpret, read and comprehend medical language in simulated medical statements and documents. Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-39 Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts Diagnostic imaging cholangiogram cholangiography cholecystogram CT colonography esophagogram Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-40 Diagnostic Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.) Endoscopy colonoscope colonoscopy endoscope endoscopy esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) esophagoscope esophagoscopy gastroscope gastroscopy laparoscope laparoscopy proctoscope proctoscopy sigmoidoscope sigmoidoscopy Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-41 Endoscopic views obtained at colonoscopy A. C. B. D. A. Normal colon B. diverticulosis C. colon polyp D. colon cancer Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-42 Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts Diagnostic imaging abdominal ultrasonography barium enema (BE) upper GI (gastrointestinal) Endoscopy endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-43 ERCP Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-44 Diagnostic Terms Not Built from Word Parts (cont’d.) Laboratory Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) antibodies test fecal occult blood test (FOBT) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-45 Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts abdominal abdominocentesis anal aphagia colorectal dyspepsia dysphagia gastrodynia gastroenterologist gastroenterology gastromalacia glossopathy Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-46 Complementary Terms Built from Word Parts (cont’d.) ileocecal nasogastric oral pancreatic peritoneal proctologist proctology rectal steatorrhea steatosis stomatogastric sublingual Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-47 Complementary Terms Not Built from Word Parts ascites diarrhea dysentery emesis fetes flatus gastric lavage gavage hematemesis hematochezia melena nausea peristalsis reflux stoma vomiting Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-48 Clicker Question Emesis is synonymous with vomiting. True b) False a) Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-49 Abbreviations A & P resection BE EGD ERCP EUS FOBT GERD GI H. pylori IBS N&V PEG UGI UPPP Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-50 Radiology Report ENCOUNTER DATE: 2/17/20XX EXAMINATION: Abdominal Ultrasound HISTORY: Nausea, fatigue, and jaundice. FINDINGS: Multiple scans of the upper abdomen show no focal hepatic lesions. There are numerous small shadowing calculi within the gallbladder. The gallbladder wall is not thickened and there is no pericholecystic fluid collection. The common bile duct is normal in caliber, measuring 4 mm in maximum diameter. No calculi are seen within the common bile duct. The spleen is not enlarged. No focal abnormality is identified within the pancreas. IMPRESSION: Cholelithiasis. No associated biliary dilatation. The upper abdominal sonogram is otherwise normal. Electronically signed by: Jose Garza, MD 2/17/20XX 11:24 AM JG/bab Copyright © 2009, 2006 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 11-51