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Vortex Flow Technology
Yokogawa Corporation of America
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Corporate Brand
The acute angle and sharp straight edges of the top half of the
diamond symbol represent Yokogawa’s cutting-edge technology while
the gentle curvature of the bottom half represents the warm-hearted
nature of Yokogawa’s people. By balancing these two elements,
Yokogawa aims to contribute toward the realization of a thriving
global society in much the same way as the sun. This property is
reflected in the bright yellow of the diamond.
– Corporate trademark since October 1986
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
History of YEWFLO Vortex
1969
Yokogawa designs
first Vortex meter
1995
Mass YEWFLO
introduced
1982
Dual piezoelectric
sensor
1979
First industrial
YEWFLO released
1988
10,000 units
installed (USA)
1987
First 0.5 inch
Vortex flowmeter
1990
YEWFLO 100%
American made
2002
Digital YEWFLO
1989
First “Smart”
Vortex flowmeter
1993
Microprocessor
-based
“SMART” flowmeter
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Product Line-Up
High-Purity Design
Dual Sensor Designs
• Semi-conductor and
• Redundant sensors for
critical applications
biotech industries
• Electropolished
7-15Ra finish
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
High Pressure Design
• 1500# & 2500# flange
ratings
Principle of Operation
The analogy of a golf ball moving through the air is useful
in describing vortex formation:
A slow moving putt barely displaces
the molecules of air
The higher velocity of a chip shot
causes irregular eddies to form behind
the ball
The velocity associated with a drive is
sufficient to cause a strong, regular
vortex formation behind the ball
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Principle of Operation
Vortex formation in
clouds blown by a
mountain top is an
example from nature of
the vortex phenomenon
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Mountain
Top
Vortices
Principle of Operation
Light breeze - Laminar flow,
no vortices formed
NR = 0-5000
Stiff breeze - Transition flow,
irregular vortex formation
NR = 5000-20000
Strong wind - Turbulent flow,
regular vortex pattern
NR = >20000
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Principle of Operation
When a flowing medium strikes a non-streamlined bluff object,
it separates, moves around the object and passes downstream.
At the point of contact with the object, vortex swirls separate from the
body on alternating sides. This separation causes a local increase
in pressure and a decrease in velocity on one side and a decrease
in pressure and an increase in velocity on the opposite side. The
alternating velocities generate alternating pressure forces on either side
of the bluff body. The frequency of these pressure changes is
proportional to velocity.
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Typical Vortex Sensors
Thermistor
Differential
Switched Capacitor
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Integral Diaphragm
YEWFLO
Shedder Bar
Unique Sensor Design
How Does It Work?
Flow
Flow hits the shedder bar, separates
and due to the shape of the bar,
forms vortices. The vortices create
an alternating pressure differential
across the bar. The bar is physically
stressed toward the low pressure
side of the bar.
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Crystal A
Crystal B
Force
H
L
A piezoelectric crystal
converts a mechanical stress
into an electrical pulse. The
crystals are hermetically
sealed and not in contact with
the process.
Principle of Operation
The Karman vortex frequency “f” is proportional to the velocity ”v”.
Therefore, it is possible to obtain the flow rate by measuring the Karman
vortex frequency:
f = St (v/d)
where: f = Karman vortex frequency
St = Strouhal number (constant)
v = Velocity
d = Width of vortex shedder (constant)
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
What is Strouhal Number?
• The Strouhal number is the ratio between the vortex interval and the
shedder bar width
• Usually the vortex interval (l) is about 6 times the shedder bar width
(d), while the Strouhal number is the reciprocal value (~0.17)
• When the Strouhal number is fixed, the velocity can be measured by
counting the number of vortices
l
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Sensor Assembly
POTTING
COMPOUND
“O” RING
SEAL
CAP ASSEMBLY
HERMETIC SEAL
METAL TUBE
METAL DISC
CERAMIC PLATE
INSULATOR
(SHRINK TUBING)
PIEZOELECTRIC
CRYSTALS
METAL PLATE
SOLID
METAL
SHEDDER
BAR
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Unique Sensor Design
“O” Ring Seal
Metal Tube
Piezoelectric
Crystals
Metal Plate
Metal Disc
Ceramic
Plate
Solid Metal
Shedder Bar
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
No thin
diaphragms
to damage
No ports to plug
MTBF in excess of
250 years
Field Proven Mechanical Construction
Indicator/Totalizer
Local Interface
Hermetically Sealed
Sensor
Amplifier
• Remote available
Gasket
• High Reliability
Body
• Full ANSI rating
Shedder Bar
• Solid metal
• Rugged construction
• No moving parts
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Why are more users applying Vortex?
 Vortex Simplifies Installation & Reduces
Costs
• Improved Reliability
• No Impulse Lines to Plug, Freeze, or Leak
• Reduced potential leak points
• Reduced Cost
• In-line device is cost-effective in smaller lines
• Reduced maintenance: No impulse lines, No Periodic
Calibrations Required
• Can be applied in most applications where
DP-Orifice has traditionally been used
• 2-wire Device
• Applicable to Liquid, Gases and Steam
• Wide Temperature Range to 842 F (450 C)
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Vortex Flowmeter Benefits
Digital flow signal
– No zero drift
– Pulse output for totalizing
Low installed cost
Wide rangeability
Inherently Linear output
Low pressure drop
Liquid, steam, or gas applications
Immune to density & viscosity changes
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Vortex Performance Benefits
High Accuracy
+/- 0.75% of reading (liquid)
+/- 1% of reading (gas, steam)
Automatic Gas Expansion Factor Correction
– dramatically improves accuracy
Temperature Compensation
– eliminates ambient temperature effects on the analog
output
Turn Down
– as high as 20:1 provides accurate control over wider
process conditions
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Featuring YOKOGAWA’s new, proprietary
digital signal processing technique
SSP~Spectral Signal Processing
• No start-up tuning
•Advanced self-diagnostics
•Parameter settings made simple
•Compact design
•Clear, two-line display
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Adaptive Noise Suppression (ANS)
• ANS takes advantage of
Yokogawa’s unique dual
sensor design
• By individually analyzing the
signal from each sensor ANS
can deduce which portion of
the signal is flow and which
portion is noise.
• Improves signal to noise
ratio
• Continuously analyzes the
incoming signals and adapts
to changing noise conditions
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
S1
N1
S2 N2
Polarization
Direction
S
N
Lift
Direction
Bending moment of shedder
bar in lift force direction
SSP ~ Spectral Signal Processing
Noisy
Vortex
Signal
Time
SUB6
SUB5
SUB4
Frequency
Analyzing/
Intelligent
Amplification
Vortex Signal
Spectrum
Analyzing
Spectral
Adaptive
Filtering (SAF)
Gain
SB6
Output
Waveform
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
SB5
SB4
The signal is split into individual
sub-bands like the frequency
SUB3
SUB2
spectrum display of an audio
SUB1
graphic equalizer. The band
splitting filter also applies
Frequency
intelligent attenuation to linearize
the amplitude vs. velocity characSensitivity Curve
teristic. Based on application
Noise
information such as liquid or gas,
flow span and density a predicted
SB3 SB2 SB1
Frequency (log) amplitude/sensitivity curve is
computed. The results of the
individual sub-band analyses are
[Separation by SAF]
compared to the predicted
sensitivity curve. Finally a tight
Frequency
band pass filter is focused around
the vortex flow signal.
Time
Signal Processing Circuitry
Piezo-ceramics
CHARGE
CONVERTER
CHARGE
CONVERTER
A/D
CONVERTER
A/D
CONVERTER
SPECTRUM
ANALYZER 1
Output
Circuit
CPU
SPECTRUM
ANALYZER 2
Noise Ratio Setting
Counter
Summer
BPF
SPECTRUM
ANALYZER 3
Schmitt
Trigger
B
A
GATE ARRAY
In digitalYEWFLO the signal processing circuitry is fully digitized. This permits signal
processing which had been previously performed by analog circuits (such as an adder,
Schmitt trigger, and filter) to be incorporated into a gate array, resulting in reduced parts
and a downsizing of the converter.
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Effect of Vibration
Fluid: Water
Size: 50mm
Setting: Default
Span: 15 m3/h (2 m/s)
Vibration: 1G
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Low Flow Response
Fluid: Water Size: 50mm Setting: Default
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Simplified Parameter Settings
Frequently-used parameters grouped together in a quick access format
decreases commissioning time.
H A RT C om m unicator M enu T ree for ＤＹＦ
1
2
3
4
D evice Setup
Flow R ate
A nalog O utput
Flow S pan
1 P rocess Variable
3 B asic S etup
2 D iag/S ervice
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
1 Flow R ate
2 Flow R ate (%)
3 A nalog O utput
4 T otal
(5 T em perature)
(6 D ensity)
1
2
3
4
5
Easy S etup
Tag1 S elf-Test/Status
r& w
Flow2 ULoop
nit Test
/A T rim
Flow3 SDpan
r& w
4
S
cal
mw
D am ping ed D /A Trir&
5 T est O utput
cr
cr
cr
cr
cr
cr
1
2
3
4
5
1 Self-T est
2 Status
r
Liquid：
V olum e
1 Set P ercent
r&w
G as/Steam
：
V olum Me ode
2
Set
Frequency
M
ode
r&w
Liquid：
M ass
3 Set Status
G as/Steam
：
M ass
G as：
ST D /N orm al
1 C ontact O utput
2 U pper D isplay
3 Low er D isplay
1 V olum etric U nit
2 T im e U nit
1
2
3
4
O nty U nit
D ensi
O ff D ensity
P rocess
M ass U nit
T im e U nit
1 Scaled P ulse
2 U nscaled P ulse
3 Frequency
4 A larm
5 Flow SW (Low ：O
6 Flow SW (Low ：O
Flow Rate (%)
Flow Rate
New Compact Amplifier Housing
Smaller than Yewflo*E
-30%
Fewer parts for improved reliability
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
(volume reduction)
Features & Functions Summary
•No start-up tuning
Automatically selects the optimum settings - even in noisy environments
•Low flow stability
Accurately senses vortices at low flow rate for stable, accurate flow measurement
•Backward compatible
The SSP amplifier can be retrofitted to provide the best vortex flow measurement
available today
•Advanced self-diagnostics
Provides diagnostic messages on high vibration environments, excessive flow
fluctuations, and clogging or plugging in the area around the shedder bar. Analysis
of the process allows true condition-based maintenance
•Simplified parameter settings
Frequently used parameters grouped together in a quick-access format decreases
commissioning time
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Features & Functions Summary
•Clear, parallel two line LCD display
Displays simultaneous flow rate and total along with process diagnosis
Configurable through display interface (MMI)
•New compact amplifier housing
Lighter, small and easier to handle design with increased reliability and performance
•Simultaneous analog and pulse outputs
•Status output (flow switch function) or alarm output
•BRAIN, HART and FF communications
•Wide process temperature range
High temperature option to 842 deg. F (450 deg. C)
•High accuracy
+/- 0.75% of reading (liquid)
+/- 1% of reading (gas, steam)
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Multi-variable Mass Vortex
Flowmeter
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
digitalYEWFLO
Multi-variable Mass Vortex Flowmeter
Provides simultaneous
outputs for temperature
monitoring and mass flow
measurement
Computes mass flow rate in
real time based on the
measured temperature
Displays mass flow rate and
temperature on two line LCD
indicator
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
digitalYEWFLO
Multi-variable Mass Vortex Flowmeter
• Decreases the need for temperature
monitoring loops and thus simplifies
instrumentation
Reduced openings on process pipes for
inserting thermowells, that can potentially cause
leakage, will slash instrumentation costs and
increase the safety of the process lines

• Temperature indication allows flow conditions
to be monitored
The self diagnostics related to the RTD
provides checks for an out of range temperature
output or abnormal temperature and so provides
a window into the process

Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
RTD embedded in
shedder bar
Multi-variable Option ~ Flow & Temperature
Built-in temp sensor
Protected in shedder bar
+/- 1 deg C (liquid), +/- 2 deg C (gas/steam); RTD Pt 1K
ohm
Piezo sensors
Multi-variable option
Flow & temperature values displayed
Dual output (flow: pulse, temp: 4-20)
Steam mass flowrate calculation
Mass flowrate calculated using steam table and measured
temperature (fixed pressure)
+/- 2% of rate accuracy
Shedder bar
RTD sensor
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
digitalYEWFLO
Multi-variable Mass Vortex Flowmeter
Specifications
Function
Fluid
Compensation Temperature
Accuracy
Mass Flow
Accuracy
to 100mm
1”25mm
to 4” (25-100mm)
to 200mm
1”25mm
to 8” (25-200mm)
Wafer
Flange
Size
Temperature
Mass Flow Calculation Method
Analog Output
Pulse Output
Output
Alarm Output
Status Output
Temperature Response
(50% response)
Upper
Display
Lower
Remote Type
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Mass Flow calculation
Superheated
Saturated Steam
Gas
Steam
100 to 260°C
100 to 260°C
-29 to 260°C
2% of reading
2% of reading
2% of reading
±0.5% of
Reading
Density
Calculation
±1% (less than 100°C)
±1% of Reading ±1% of Reading (100°C
or more)
Liquid
-29 to 260°C
1.5% of reading
±0.5% (less than
100°C) ±1% of
Reading (100°C or
more)
Density
Temp-Pressure
Calculation
Density Change
Correction (constant
(constant
Calculation
pressure)
pressure)
Flow Rate or Temperature
Only for Flow Rate
Standard Alarms and Temperature Alarms
Only for Flow Switch
60 seconds
Select from Flow Rate (%, Engineering Unit) or Temperature %
Select from Total or Temperature (C, F)
Flow Converter: Select DYA-[ ][ ][ ]/MV
Signal Cable: Select DYC-[ ][ ][ ]/MV
Installation Considerations
General
– Pipe orientation
• Ensure that pipe stays full
– Meter orientation
• Can be mounted in any direction
– Materials of construction
• Ensure that material is compatible with process fluid
– Heat of Process
• Ensure proper meter selection for process temperature
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Successful Vortex Applications
Proper Vortex Sizing
– Process conditions
Piping requirements
Full pipe
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Piping Requirements
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Proper Piping Requirements
Gas
Attitude insensitive
Full pipe required
Good alignment of piping
Concentric Reducers if required
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Proper gasket selection and installation
Correct I.D. required
Self Centering (Recommended)
Proper material
Problems occur if... gasket is too
small,gasket is deformed, has shifted
position, or if the mating pipe connection is
misaligned.`
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Pressure and Temperature Taps
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
Reliable Flow Measurement Solution
Vortex has come a
long way over the
year.
Use Vortex as another
flow measurement
solution. It really
does Work!
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation
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Yokogawa Corporation of America
Copyright © Yokogawa Electric Corporation