Download Anatomy/physiology

Anatomy/Physiology
• Definition of terms:
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Anterior (cranial)
toward the head
Posterior (caudal)
toward the tail
Cranial
head region
Caudal
pertaining to the tail region
Dorsal
toward the back of the animal
Ventral
toward the belly of the animal
Medial
toward the median line
Distal
away from the center or origin
Proximal
toward the center or origin
Anatomy/physiology
• External Anatomy of fish
– The body: divided into head, trunk, and tail.
– The scales:
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• Head is covered by epidermis and some scales.
Anatomy/physiology
• External Anatomy of fish
– Lateral line: is present along middle side of body.
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– Head:
• Nares: located on dorsal side of the anterior end of
head.
– Each naris is divided into two portions which
permits water to circulate through the olfactory
sac.
Anatomy/physiology
• External Anatomy of fish
– Head:
• Eyes: located in lateral position at anterior end of
head.
• Ears:
• Operculum: Located at the posterior and lateral
positions of the head.
• Gill arch: Beneath the operculum are located four
pair of gill arches.
Anatomy/physiology
• External Anatomy of fish
– Head:
• Gill arch:
– Each arch bears a gill on its outer surface.
– Each gill consists of two rows of filaments.
– Each filament consists of numerous lamellae.
– Inner margin of arch bears a single row of
tooth-like projections the gill rakers.
Anatomy/physiology
• Sensory perception of the fish:
– Sight:
• Sight is the predominant sense of salmon.
– Hearing:
• Lateral line perceives sounds of low wave length.
• Ear perceived sounds of higher wave length.
– Equilibrium:
• Organs of equilibrium are the lateral line and the
ear.
Anatomy/physiology
• Sensory perception of the fish:
– Touch:
– Smell:
• Long range perception of chemicals
• Preceptors of smell through olfactory sac
– Taste:
• Taste is the perception of chemicals upon contact.
• Taste buds:
• Taste buds located on tongue and head.
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Anatomy/physiology
• Sensory perception of the fish:
– Kinesthetic perception:
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– Temperature:
• Function of lateral line
Anatomy/physiology
• Functions of various sense organs:
– Eye:
• Sight
– Ear:
• Equilibrium and hearing
– Nares:
• Smell
– Lateral line:
• Hearing, equilibrium, touch, perception, and
temperature
Anatomy/physiology
• Internal Anatomy
– Skeletal system:
• The function of the skeletal system is one of support.
– Skeletal tissues:
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– Axial skeleton:
• Head, trunk, and tail regions.
– Head:
– Trunk skeleton: modified portion of the vertebral
column.
– Tail skeleton: remainder of the vertebral column
Anatomy/physiology
• Supporting tissues:
– Connective tissue: ligaments, tendons, septa, fascia, and
mesenteries.
• Ligaments: tough bands of tissue between bones.
• Tendons: thick narrow bands by which muscles are
attached to the skeleton.
• Septa: are heavy tissues which separate various portions
of the body.
• Fascia: are the thin sheets of connective tissue which
surround muscles.
• Mesenteries: are delicate tissues which support the
organs of the body cavity.
Anatomy/physiology
• Muscular system:
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Three types of muscle tissue: smooth, striated, and cardiac.
Smooth and cardiac: muscles are involuntary.
Striated muscle is voluntary.
Smooth or involuntary muscles:
• Found in various organs
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– Cardiac muscle: is striated but involuntary.
– Primary function of muscles is motion and locomotion.
Anatomy/physiology
• Digestive system:
– Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small
intestine, pyloric cecae, liver and pancreas.
– Mouth: grasping organ; teeth function to retain
prey.
– Pharynx: leads to the esophagus:
– Esophagus: muscular tube leading from the
pharynx to the stomach.
Anatomy/physiology
• Digestive system:
– Stomach: consists of two parts:
• Cardiac:
• Pyloric:
– At end of pyloric section: heavy muscle
» Pyloric sphincter:
»
Anatomy/physiology
• Digestive system:
– Intestine: duodenum, and small and large
intestines.
– Duodenum: short portion of the intestine
» pyloric caeca are attached and which receives the
bile duct and the pancreatic duct
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– Small intestine: predominant portion of intestinal
tract.
– Large intestine: extremely short and located just
anterior to the anus.
Anatomy/physiology
• Digestive glands in the salmon and trout include
the gastric and intestinal glands, the liver, and the
pancreas.
– Gastric glands:
– Intestinal glands:
– Liver: a bilobed organ located in the anterior and left
lateral portion of the body cavity
• Gall bladder: a thin-walled sac embedded in the liver,
• Bile duct:
Anatomy/physiology
• Pancreas: diffuse gland located on the pyloric
caeca
– Pancreatic duct: discharge enzymes into the
intestine
• Pancreatic juices contain 3 enzymes that act on proteins,
carbohydrates, and fats
Anatomy/physiology
• Respiratory system:
– Gills: Function to exchange gases
• Oxygen absorbed through gills into blood
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• Gas exchange:
– Flow from dense to less dense
– Air bladder: doesn’t function as respiratory organ
in salmonids
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• Fry and fingerling stages: air bladder connected by duct
to the esophagus (surface feeding?)
Anatomy/physiology
• Circulatory system: Blood and lymph systems
– Blood: Fluid tissue – liquid plasma and cellular
components
• Plasma: 80% water
– Proteins and carbohydrates
– Waste materials (urea and uric acid)
– Mineral salts
– Enzyme secretions from glands
– Antibodies
Anatomy/physiology
• Blood cells
– Red cells (erythrocytes)
• Flattened, nucleated cells with hemoglobin
– White cells (leukocytes)
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– Thrombocytes: Present in blood and aid in formation of
blood clots
• Blood vessels: Closed system which blood circulates – heart,
arteries, veins, and capillaries
– Heart: Consists of 2 chambers - auricle(atrium) and
ventricle
Anatomy/physiology
• Lymph system: consists of plasma and leukocytes
– Starts in the intercellular spaces and eventually empty into
veins
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– Spleen is associated with lymphatic system
– GALT and MALT
• Blood producing organs:
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• Functions is same as bone marrow in mammals
– Spleen, lymph nodes, and thymus:
Anatomy/physiology
• Primary functions of major organs:
• Pancreas:
• Spleen: produces leukocytes, serves as a storage
space for RBCs, and destroys worn out red blood
cells
• Kidney: divided into 2 parts
– Anterior: produces red and white blood cells
– Posterior:
• Swim bladder: hydrostatic organ
Anatomy/physiology
• Heart: serves to move blood through circulatory system –
consists of atrium, ventricle, and bulbous arteriosis
(smoothes out pressure to steady flow)
• Liver:
– Detoxification, digestion, excretion, and
hematopoiesis
• Digestion: secretion of bile salts
• Excretion: destruction of worn out RBCs, conversion of
hemoglobin into bile salts and ammonium salts into urea
• The liver also serves for storage of glycogen (animal
starch)
Anatomy/physiology
• Gastro-intestinal tract:
– Cardiac and pyloric stomach:
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– Pyloric caeca:
– Small intestine: digestion and absorption of food
• Enzymes secreted by glands – break down proteins and
carbohydrates
• Carbs. and proteins absorbed directly in to bloodstream
– Large intestine: serves as storage space for accumulation of
waste before excretion