Download diversity_in_gas_exchange

What this PowerPoint involves.
• Differences in structure of the lungs/gills
• Differences in gas exchange and how it is carried out
• Differences in the blood components and how each gas
oxygen, carbon dioxide) is transported
• What is an open or closed blood system, what do these
animals have?
• What is a single or a double circulatory system, what do
these animals have
• Differences in structure of the heart (produce a labeled
diagram) and how it functions in each animal
• Describe the efficiency of gas exchange and surface
area in terms of the size and lifestyle needs (e.g. energy)
of each animal
Human gas exchange
• In humans, gas exchange is carried out by mechanisms
of the heart and lungs.
• The blood in humans carries the gases to and from cells.
• The Alveoli are tiny air sacs at the at the end of the
bronchioles that are supplied with blood from the
capillaries.
• When humans breathe, the Diaphragm contracts
increasing the size of chest cavity and sucking air into
the lungs. The Diaphragm then relaxes, reducing the
size of the chest cavity and forcing air out of the lungs.
Human Heart
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The human heart is just a pump made up of mainly muscle which pumps blood
through the body at about 72 beats per minute which is the average resting heart rate
of a human.
The human has a double circulatory system as the human heart consists of 2
separated pumps.
The heart pumps blood and vital minerals around the body that are used for body
functions for example, the brain requires oxygen and glucose and if these aren't
received by the brain it will then lose consciousness.
Blood goes in through the right atrium into the right ventricle which then goes into the
lungs where it is reoxygenated. After the blood has it been reoxygenated it is then
sent into the left atrium and then out through the left ventricle to be pumped out
through the body.
http://www.worldinvisible.com/apologet/humbody/heart.htm
Fish gas exchange
The organs that fish use for gas exchange are the gills.
Fish have several gills located between their mouth
cavity (buccal cavity) and a chamber at the sides of their
mouth called the operculum.
http://www.examstutor.com/biology/resources/studyroom/org
ans_and_systems/gas_exchange/exchange_fish.php
Fish gas exchange
• Oxygen passes from the water into the blood at the gills.
• The removal of carbon dioxide also occurs because the blood
containing high concentrations of gas goes to the gills and the gas
diffuses out of the blood into the water down a diffusion gradient.
• Gills are composed of filaments that are each covered in lamellae
that contain blood capillaries which have blood flowing in the
opposite direction to the water. The reason for having the water go
an opposite direction to the blood flow is to ensure that the
maximum exchange possible occurs.
Fish heart
• Fish have a single circulatory system which has 2
chambers. The blood enters the gills where it is
oxygenated and then sent out through the body and
comes back to the heart to be reoxygenated when
necessary.
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish%20heart.gif
Insect gas exchange
• Many terrestrial animals have their respiratory surfaces inside the
body and connected to the outside by a series of tubes known as
Tracheae.
• These tubes carry oxygen directly to cells for gas exchange.
• Spiracles are openings at the body surface that lead to tracheae that
branch into smaller tubes known as tracheoles.
• Body movements or contractions will help speed up the rate of
diffusion of gases from tracheae into the cells.
• Tracheae do not function well in animals longer than 5 cm.
Insect heart
• The dorsal vessel (heart) of an insect is a
flexible tube that runs though the thorax and
abdomen along the inside of the dorsal wall.
• Only in the abdomen is the dorsal vessel called
the heart divided into chambers by small valvelike openings called ostia where the blood
enters the heart.
• In each chamber there is alary muscles which
expand and contract to assist in the flow of
haemolymph through the heart.
• The aorta contains no valves or muscles to
help with the movement of the haemolymph,
instead it is just a tube that provides transport
of haemolymph to the head where it empties
into the body cavity.
• The insects circulatory system an open
circulatory system which differs in structure and
function to the closed circulatory system found
in humans and other vertebrates.
Thanks to the following sites for
providing the pictures used in this
PowerPoint
• http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/internalAnatomy/imagePag
es/heart.htm
http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/fish%20heart.gif
http://www.examstutor.com/biology/resources/studyroom/organs_and_s
ystems/gas_exchange/exchange_fish.php
http://www.worldinvisible.com/apologet/humbody/heart.htm
By Cory Armstrong >:)