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PRODUCTION COSTING W.D. Prasad Lecturer Dept. of Electrical Engineering University of Moratuwa Introduction • Electricity generation system planning requires minimization of the total cost of supplying the demand during a specified period of time. • Short term, Medium term or Long term. • Medium term and Long term planning • initial investment cost + production costs • Short term planning • production cost only Load and Generator Models • Production costing includes probabilistic treatment of the system load and the generation unit availability in almost all planning models. • Chronological load curve Load duration curve • Chronological load curve is modified with a plot of load versus the duration that the system load exceeds that load level. • This curve can be converted to a probability curve, F(x) by dividing the horizontal axis (x- axis) by the total duration of the chronological load profile, T and rearranging the axes (Load Duration Curve, LDC). Load and Generator Models Cont… • Generators are normally represented by a two-state model where either a generating unit is available at its full capacity or not available. pi - Availability qi -FOR 0 Ci ; Ci = Capacity • Probability associated with the state where the unit is not available is called Forced Outage Rate (FOR). Production Cost Calculation • Generators are first ranked according to their average incremental costs so that the units with the lower costs are placed at the top of the list (Merit Order). • These units are now gradually loaded onto the LDC in merit order. • After loading each generator the Effective Load Duration Curve (ELDC), F obtained. i can be F i x qi F i 1x pi F i 1 x Ci • The area under each of these ELDCs multiplied by the normalizing value, T, directly indicates the energy not served in the system. • Unserved energy (UEi) after loading the generator i is given by, UEi T Lmax i F x dx 0 Where T is the total duration Production Cost Calculation Cont… • Once the unserved energies are known the difference in unserved energies before and after loading a generator can be used to obtain the energy served by that generator. • Energy produced by generator i, Ei is given by, Ei UEi 1 UEi • Corresponding production cost, Costi is given by Costi Ei ICi where ICi is the incremental cost of generator i • Total production cost, TC is given by ng TC Costi i 1 Where ng is the number of generator units Multiple Availability States of Generators • In most practical circumstances some of the generation units are likely to be deliberately operated at output levels below their full capacities during operation. • Consider a generating unit model with two availability states. pi2 p i1 qi Ci1 0 Ci2 • New ELDC will be F i x qi F i 1 x pi1F i 1 x Ci1 pi2 F i 1 x Ci2 • In the case of a generator with multi-level availability states F x qi F i i 1 n x p k 1 k i F i 1 x C k i where n is the no. of availability levels System Unserved Energy and Loss of Load Probability • After loading all the generating units onto the load curve there will be a final ELDC left behind. F n x LOLP x Max Load • Loss of Load Probability (LOLP) is the probability that the system generation is not able to supply the system load either fully or partially. This can be directly obtained from the final ELDC. LOLP F n x 0 • The total energy left to be served after loading all the generating units is called the Expected System Unserved Energy. Expected System Unserved Energy UEn T Lmax n F xdx 0 • Average cost of losses due to the power supply failures is called the Value of Lost Load (VLL) which is given in Rs/ kWh not supplied. Expected Total Cost of Not Supplying Load VLL UEn • System planners need to add new generating units into the system until the following condition is satisfied. Expected Total cos t of installati on and operation of the unit VLL UEn Example 1) [a] Determine LOLP, EUE and total production cost if the system load given in Table 1 is supplied with generators in Table 2. Table 1: Load Variation Time (hrs) 00-03 03-06 06-09 09-12 12-15 15-18 18-21 21-24 Load (MW) 300 300 400 600 600 600 400 300 Table 2: Generator Data Generator Incremental Cost (Rs/MWh) Capacity (MW) Forced Outage Rate Generator 1 800 300 0.05 Generator 2 1000 250 0.05 Generator 3 1200 200 0.1 Answer Cost (Rs/MWh) 800 1000 1200 FOR 0.05 0.05 0.1 Capacity 300 250 200 Load (x) Duration (hrs) F0(x) F1(x) F2(x) F3(x) 0 24 1 0.64375 0.418125 0.076125 50 24 1 0.64375 0.061875 0.0405 100 24 1 0.40625 0.05 0.0224375 150 24 1 0.40625 0.038125 0.00521875 200 24 1 0.40625 0.038125 0.00465625 250 24 1 0.40625 0.038125 0.00465625 300 15 0.625 0.03125 0.019375 0.00278125 350 15 0.625 0.03125 0.001563 0.001 400 9 0.375 0.01875 0.000938 0.00009375 450 9 0.375 0.01875 0.000938 0.00009375 500 9 0.375 0.01875 0.000938 0.00009375 550 9 0.375 0.01875 0.000938 0.00009375 600 0 0 0 0 0 10500 3660 802.875 189.3 Energy Served (MWh) 6840 2857.125 613.575 Production Cost (Rs) 5472000 2857.125 736290 Unserved Energy (MWh) LOLP 7.6 % EUE (MWh) 189.3 Total Production Cost (Rs) 9065415 b] Comment on possible changes to the answers in (a) if generator 2 and 3 are replaced with generator 4 given in Table 3 having an incremental cost of 1100 Rs/MWh Table 3: Generator 4 Data Capacity (MW) 0 200 250 450 Probability 0.005 0.045 0.095 0.855 Answer When generators 2 and 3 are combined the resultant generator will have an availability distribution with four levels of operation as given below. Generation Level (MW) Probability 0 q2 q3 0.005 200 q2 p3 0.045 250 450 p2 q3 0.095 p2 p3 0.855 This distribution is exactly the same as the generator 4 distribution given. Thus even though the generators 2 and 3 are replaced with the generator 4, the final probability distribution will not change. This means that the LOLP and the expected system unserved energy also will not be modified. However, the production cot will change due to the modified incremental cost. Total energy served by generator 2 & 3 Total production cost of generator 2 & 3 = 3470.7 MWh = Rs 3593415 Energy served by generator 4 Production cost of generator 4 = 3470.7 MWh = Rs 3817770