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By:
Horace Greeley H.S. Chappaqua, NY
$ Thesis
$ Consider the thesis to be the essence of the paper, it is your
essay in one or two sentences
$ Introduce each paragraph with a topic sentence linked to the
thesis
$ The thesis MUST address Similarities AND Differences in
either the introduction or the conclusion to get full credit
$ The thesis can only be counted as the thesis and not also as a
direct comparison
$ You don’t need to write an introduction, so don’t. Leave blank
space to come back and write one if you have extra time.
The Geography of
Greece
Geographic significance?
Bronze Age Greece
Minoan Civilization
The Minoan People
$ The Minoans, powerful seafaring people, live
on Crete in Aegean Sea
$ Dominate trade in eastern Mediterranean
from 2000 to 1400 B.C.E.
$ Cosmopolitan civilization
$ crossroads of eastern Mediterranean
$ Culture influences others, especially Greeks
Unearthing a Brilliant Civilization
$
Sir Arthur Evans discovers Knossos in
1905
$ Excavations of Knossos, capital city of
Minoan civilization, revealed:
$ Advance urban planning: sewers,
running water, …
$ Minoans were peaceful, athletic,
lovers of nature and beauty
$ Women had major role, especially
in religion
$ Sacrificed animals, and sometimes
people, to gods
$ Labyrinth discovered under city
$ Written language: Linear A
$ Archaelogists name civilization Minoa after
King Minos
$ King Minos—legendary king who
owned a
minotaur
Minoan Culture’s
Mysterious End
$ Earthquakes in 1700 B.C.E. caused
damage, but Minoans rebuild
$ In 1470 B.C.E. major earthquakes
and volcanic eruption
$ Minoans never recover from disasters
$ Invaders from Greece take Minoan
lands
$
Mycenaean Civilization
Develops
Origins
$ Mycenaeans—Indo-Europeans who settled on Greek
mainland in 2000 B.C.
$ Took their name from their leading city, Mycenae
$ Mycenaean warrior-kings dominate Greece from 1600–
1100 B.C.
$ Contact with Minoans
$ After 1500 B.C., Mycenaeans adopt Minoan sea trade and
culture
$ The Trojan War
$ Trojan War—fought by
Mycenaeans against city of
Troy in 1200s B.C.
$ Once thought to be fictional,
archaeological evidence has
been found
$ Heinrich Schliemann, 1876
discovered Troy & Mycenae
Homer: The “Heroic
Age”
$ Oral tradition grows,
especially epics of
Homer—a
blind
storyteller
$ Epic—a narrative poem
about heroic deeds
$ Homer’s epic the Iliad,
about Trojan War, shows
Greek heroic ideal
$ The Odyssey is the
sequel to the Iliad
Greek Culture Declines Under
the Dorians
$ Dorian Replace Mycenaean
$ Mycenaean civilization collapses
around 1200 B.C.
$ Dorian—possibly relatives of Bronze
Age Greeks—move into Greece
$ OR may be part of the later Indo-European
invasions
$ Less advanced than Mycenaean,
Dorian leave no written records
$ Send Greece into a Dark Age for 300 years
$ Some Greeks escape to Ionia and continue
Greek traditions
Evolution toward
Democracy
$ Greek city-states were independent
$ each developed own government
$ most followed same pattern of development
$ Athens developed the first democratic state
• 480-430 BCE
• 508 BCE
• Paid judges & jurors
• Further weakened nobility
• opened to everyone not
just rich
• Council of 500 (1st truly
democratic constitution)
• Extended citizenship
• 546 BCE
• Trial by jury (ostracism)
• Carried on Solon’s policies
• Building projects created jobs
• Athens becomes center of art
and commerce
• Rule by nobles
•King
• 594 BCE
• Rule by few
• First Constitution (soc, poli,
econ)
•Power
inherited
• majority rule  assembly
created
• help for poor
• name associated with “wise
statesman”
• “Harsh”  “Draconian”
• 621 BCE
• First code of laws  most punishments = death
Early Athenian
Tyrant Lawgivers
$ Draco
 “draconian”  harsh
$ Solon (wise)
$ Cleisthenes
 created the first
democracy!
Persian Wars: 499 BCE –
480 BCE
Persian Wars: Famous
$
$
$
Battles
Marathon (490 BCE)

26 miles from Athens

Phidippides
Thermopylae (480 BCE)

300 Spartans at the Mountain pass

Greece lead by King Leoniadas of Sparta. Persia
led by Xerxes

Greece loses battle but helps to win the war
Salamis (480 BCE)

Athenian navy victorious

Trireme
Greek Hoplites
Spartan
Athenian
What advantage do hoplites have over
their Persian counterparts?
Greek Trireme
Delian League
$ City-states of Greece prepare for future Persian
Attacks
$ Each polis would contribute money, men,
ships
$ Treasury would be “housed” on the island of
Delos
$ Each polis would rotate management of the
treasury
$ Athens becomes first to run the Delian League
$ the city-states agreed to help Athens rebuild
from funds from the treasury
Golden “Age of Pericles”:
460 BCE – 429 BCE
See Graphic Organizer
Greek Creative Genius
Great Athenian
Philosophers
$
$
Socrates

Know thyself!

question everything, Socratic method

only the pursuit of goodness
brings happiness.

Put to Death for “corrupting the you”. One of
the most famous executions in history.
Plato

The Academy- broad curriculum emphasizing
ethics and reasoning to make decisions

The Republic  philosopher-king= no war

Utopia
Great Athenian
Philosophers
$
Aristotle

Scientific method.

Logic

People had to study hard to gain control
over desires

Earth centered view of the world

Tutors Alexander the Great
Athens: The Arts &
Sciences
$
$
DRAMA (tragedians):

Aeschylus

Sophocles

Euripides
DRAMA (Comedy):

$
Aristophanes
THE SCIENCES:

Pythagoras

Democritus  all matter made up of
small atoms.

Hippocrates  “Father of Medicine”
The Parthenon
History of the Parthenon
$ The Parthenon replaced an older temple of Athena, called the PreParthenon or Older Parthenon, that was destroyed in the Persian
invasion of 480 BC.
$ Like most Greek temples, the Parthenon was used as a treasury,
and for a time served as the treasury of the Delian League, which
later became the Athenian Empire.
$ In the 6th century AD, the Parthenon was converted into a Christian
church dedicated to the Virgin.
$ After the Ottoman conquest, it was converted into a mosque in the
early 1460s, and it even had a minaret.
$ On September 28, 1687, an Ottoman ammunition dump inside the
building was ignited by Venetian bombardment. The resulting
explosion severely damaged the Parthenon and its sculptures.
$ In 1806, Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of Elgin removed some of the
surviving sculptures, with Ottoman permission.
$ These sculptures, now known as the Elgin or Parthenon Marbles,
were sold in 1816 to the British Museum in London, where they
are now displayed.
$ The Greek government is committed to the return of the
sculptures to Greece, so far with no success.
SPARTA
SPARTA
Helots  Messenians enslaved by the
Spartans.
Peloponnesian Wars
Macedonia Under Philip
II
Alexander the Great
Voices from the Past
Alexander the Great in
Persia
The Hellenization of Asia
The Economy of the
Hellenistic World
Hellenistic
Philosophers
$
$
Cynics  Diogenes

ignore social conventions &
avoid luxuries.

citizens of the world.

live a humble, simple life.
Epicurians  Epicurus

avoid pain & seek pleasure.

all excess leads to pain!

politics should be
avoided.
Hellenistic
Philosophers
$
Stoics  Zeno

nature is the expansion of divine
will.

concept of natural law.

get involved in politics, not
for
personal gain, but to
perform virtuous acts for the good
of all.

true happiness is found in
great achievements.
Hellenism: The Arts &
Sciences
$
$
Scientists / Mathematicians:

Aristarchus  heliocentric theory.

Euclid  geometry

Archimedes  pulley
Hellenistic Art:

More realistic; less ideal than

Showed individual emotions,
age!
Hellenic art.
wrinkles, and