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Goal 1 Building a New Nation George Washington George Washington • 1789-1797 • NO POLITICAL PARTY • Proclamation of Neutrality (during war between French & British) • Whiskey Rebellion (Fed. gov’t will enforce laws) • Farewell Address (unity at home, neutrality abroad) Washington’s Cabinet • Thomas Jefferson=Sec. of State • Alexander Hamilton=Sec. of the Treasury • Henry Knox=Sec. of War • Edmund Randolph=Attorney General Thomas Jefferson—1st Sec. of State 1st Democratic Republican Alexander Hamilton—1st Sec. of the Treasury 1st Federalist Edmund Randolph – 1st Attorney General took over as Sec. of State when Jefferson resigned • The Constitution said there would be a Court System but it did not give the framework for the judiciary system. Judiciary of 1789 • Created federal district courts and circuit courts for the states • Federal courts were given the power to reverse state court decisions • The Supreme Court was the highest court in the land Bill of Rights • 1st ten amendments added to the Constitution • Passed b/c Anti-federalists demanded that a Bill of Rights be added to the Constitution to protect individual rights of citizens. – Antifederalists feared the power of a strong central gov’t – Federalists wanted a strong central gov’t Bill of Rights 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Hamilton v. Jefferson Federalist v. Democratic Republican Federalist Party • Alexander Hamilton • Wanted a strong national gov’t • Favored wealthy, educated, northerners • Loose interpretation of the Constitution Democratic Republican Party • • • • • Thomas Jefferson Strict Interpretation of the Constitution Supported strong state gov’ts Wanted a limited national gov’t Favored the common man – Agrarian, southerners Hamilton’s Economic Plan • deal national debt & set up banking system • Forgive State Debt (He was trying to make people happy so they would support the new gov’t---South was mad b/c they had already repaid their debt) • Move Capital to the District of Columbia (to make the South happy) Hamilton’s Economic Plan • Establish the Bank of the U.S. (BUS) – a national bank – To issue money – Taxes revenue would be deposited in it – Supported by wealthy investors (made people mad b/c didn’t want the rich fat cats to have too much influence on the new gov’t)— Madison didn’t like it – Jefferson thought it was unconstitutional b/c the Constitution said nothing about a national bank (Strict v. Loose interpretation of the Constitution) Bank of the United States (BUS) – a national bank – To issue money • Taxes revenue would be deposited in it – Supported by wealthy investors (made people mad b/c didn’t want the rich fat cats to have too much influence on the new gov’t)—Madison didn’t like it – Jefferson thought it was unconstitutional b/c the Constitution said nothing about a national bank (Strict v. Loose interpretation of the Constitution) Whiskey Rebellion Whiskey Rebellion • Hamilton put an excise tax on whiskey • Farmers rebelled b/c they made the whiskey • Hamilton knew they would rebel • Washington & Hamilton sent the military to enforce the whiskey tax • Show of force by the Federal gov’t Tariff • Tax on imported goods (from other countries) Washington’s Farewell Address • “Unity at home”—no political party • “Neutrality Abroad”—stay out of foreign wars Jay’s Treaty • 1794-1795 • Between US & Great Britain – British soldiers had to leave from posts in the American West – British could maintain the fur trade in US – Would settle the border issues between the U.S. and Canada – Would settle American losses in British ship seizures and Loyalist losses during the War for Independence – US got limited trade rights in British West Indies Jay’s Treaty • US didn’t really have political power on the world scene so we were limited in what we could really demand from Great Britain with Jay’s Treaty • French still got mad with US b/c we were negotiating with the British Pinckney’s Treaty • 1796 The Treaty of San Lorenzo • Between US & Spain • Treaty will dramatically affect US expansion WEST • US allowed to use the Mississippi River for trade • Allowed to use the port of New Orleans • US southern boundary = 31st parallel – Spain gave up lands east of the Mississippi (MS & AL) but not Florida John Adams--Federalist John Adams • • • • • • Federalist 1797-1801 XYZ Affair Alien & Sedition Acts Virginia & Kentucky Resolutions Midnight Judges XYZ Affair • US ambassador goes to France • Instead of seeing Pres. Talleyrand • 3 low-level officials (XYZ) tell the US in order to see Talleyrand the US must pay $250,000 bribe • Led to an unofficial naval war with France (“Quasi-war”) • Americans don’t trust French Alien & Sedition Acts • Must be in US 14 years to be a citizen (Not 5) (feared French influence) • You could be locked up or fined for speaking out against (not legal b/c of the 1st amendment) Virginia & Kentucky Resolution • Thomas Jefferson & James Madison’s response to the Alien & Sedition Acts • A State will not enforce a law that is unconstitutional = NULLIFICATION Election of 1800 Adams(Fed.) v. Jefferson(DemRep) Election of 1800 • Jefferson won (Dem Rep) • “Peaceful transfer of power”—from 1 political party to another – 12th amendment (election of president & VP) Midnight Judges • Adams tried to add several last minute appointments to the Federal Court system • Federalist judges • “midnight judges” – Marbury v. Madison (judicial review) • The Supreme Court can declare an act of Congress unconstitutional Convention of 1800 • Between US & France • Severed an alliance b/w the 2 nations so that the US would not be drawn into the war between Great Britain & France Thomas Jefferson—1st Sec. of State 1st Democratic Republican Embargo Act 1807 • President Jefferson • Europe was not honoring US neutrality – Impressment – Embargo says Europe can’t buy US products – Bad idea = hurt US business Louisiana Purchase Lewis and Clark • Hired by Jefferson to explore new territory • Looking for an all water route to Pacific (didn’t find) • Scientific experiments (animals & plants) • Cultural studies (Native American relations) • Mapped the route that would become the Oregon Trail Sacajawea • Lewis & Clark’s guide • Saved them from Indian attack War of 1812 • James Madison President – “Mr. Madison’ War” – “War of Faulty Communication” – “2nd War for Independence” – 1812-1814 – US v. Great Britain War of 1812 • Causes – Impressment – GB kidnapping US sailors & forcing them into the British Navy – Chesapeake Incident—British fired on US ship b/c we refused to allow them to come aboard & search for British sailors – Refused to honor US neutrality – US also fighting Native Americans (Tecumseh) • Tribes supported by British in Canada War Hawks • Young Congressmen that wanted to go to war with Great Britain • After the Chesapeake Incident • Henry Clay & John C. Calhoun James Madison War of 1812 • Battle of Tippecanoe – William Henry Harrison defeated tribes in OH • War Hawks—John C. Calhoun & Henry Clay • US wanted more land from tribes & Canada • Francis Scott Key wrote The Star Spangled Banner War’s end • Treaty of Ghent – The official end of the War – Armistice=no land changed hands • Agree to stop fighting • Battle of New Orleans – 1814 – Last battle of the war – General Andrew Jackson & farmer-soldiers defeated the British Regular Army – Major US victory – War was already over & treaty was signed (in Belgium) Hartford Convention • Group of New England states that threatened to secede because they were losing money b/c of the War of 1812 Tecumseh—Shawnee Chief tried to organize confederation against white settlers Treaty of Greenville 1795 land south of the line was open to settlement & ended the Indian occupation of the region 25,000 square miles six acres for one cent Treaty of Greenville Treaty of Greenville 1796 • Between US & Miami Confederation (OH) • Gave up OH land for $20,000 worth of goods • Annual payment of $10,000 • Much less than land was worth Adams-Onis Treaty • B/W US & Spain • US got control of Florida John Jay – 1st Chief Justice John Marshall Federalist Chief Justice Eli Whitney—Cotton Gin “Necessary Evil”=Slavery Suffrage Requirements • Voting requirements – White – Male – 21 years old – Landowner Note Quiz 1 • 1. Name the 1st Sec. of State. • 2. What right is protected by the 2nd Amendment? • 3. Which amendment protects the rights of the accused? • 4. Who founded the Federalist Party? • 5. Which party supported a strict interpretation of the Constitution? • 6. What group wanted the Bill of Rights added to the Constitution? • 7. Who was the 1st Sec. of War? • 8. Which party favored Southerners?