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News Media and Foreign Policy National security in the information age The use of news media in foreign policy Impact of global media on foreign policy The CNN effect Dwight David Eisenhower : one dollar for publicity can balance five dollars for defense Henry Kissinger: a radio station is more effective than a group of B52 to exert pressure Joseph Nye: information edge plays a significant role as an amplifier for American power……the United States should take advantage of its soft power tools to project its value, ideology, culture and social economic institutions, and fully utilize its commercial and communication networks. National security at Information level Sovereignty information resources security of information space: trans-border broadcasting/transmission Communication capacity as part of comprehensive national power international communication power Information and communication as security issue Has national image been damaged due to news communication? Has political value/institutions been questioned due to information from outside world? Has behavior and order been constrained due to international public opinion? Economic security: Is there any threat to market\technology/human resources due to international expansion of information industry? The use of media in foreign policy Media as open and secret information source (intelligence) 谷歌地球涉嫌泄露中国机密.mht 《Spy Sorge》 记者间谍在中国.mht Media as a messenger signal camouflage/disinformation Feedback and evaluation Media as an opinion shaper (int’l propaganda) image construction, legitimacy making International broadcasting International Broadcasting The birth of IB comprehensive warfare the emergence of Soviet Russia and use of radio Netherlands, France, Belgium and UK IB in WWII the extensive use of radio broadcasting during WWII VOA and Japanese propaganda 让美军销魂的日本女播音员东京玫瑰(图)_文化读书频道_新浪网.mht The Cold War and IB western information warfare: Radio Free Europe IB contest between the two camps 美国公众外交与东欧巨变.pdf The Washington Post: the west spent nearly half an century and billions of dollars to find a way disintegrating the communist world, and finally discovered that the answer lies in TV news IB after the Cold War change of focus? Radio Free Asia and Radio Martie Top 10 by time: US, CHINA, RUSSIA,UK, GERMANY, EGYPT, NK, FANCE, INDIA, JAPAN Top 10 by language: English, Russian, Chinese Mandarin, Arabian, Spanish, French, Japanese, Indonesian, Portuguese, Germen Radio Broadcasting 国家 中国china 台号 中国国际广播电台CRI 语言种数 43 美国US 美国之音VOA 英国UK 英国广播公司BBC 埃及Egypt 埃及国际广播电台 43 37 32 俄罗斯RUS 俄罗斯之声Radio Moscow 30 德国GE 德国之声Deutsche Welle 29 伊朗IR 伊朗伊斯兰共和国之声 意大利ITA 意大利国际广播电台 28 27 印度India 日本JP 25 22 全印广播电台 日本广播公司NHK TV broadcasting 媒体 播出语言 形式 所属 Australian TV 英E 综合 澳 BBC World E英 新闻 英 CCTV 9、CCTV 4 英、中 E C 综合 中 CNN International 英E 新闻 美 Deutsche Welle 德、英、西 G E S 综合 德 Doordarshan 印地、英 I E 综合 印度 NHK International 日、英 J E 综合 日 RTP 葡P 综合 葡 RAI 意I 综合 意 TVE 西S 综合 西 TCS 中C 综合 新加坡 TV5 法F 综合 法 Al Jazeera 阿A 新闻 卡 ETTV 中C 综合 台湾地区 Impact of global media on FP Transparency Agenda setting:identification and change of priorities Effect on policy making process: speed and level Framing and policy making environment Media and non-governmental participation Media diplomacy Direct intervention Direct intervention refers to situations where journalists actively and directly engage in international mediation, either having initiated this role or having been asked by one or more parties to pursue it. Here journalists talk to the two sides, transmit relevant information, and suggest detailed procedures, proposals, or ideas that may advance official negotiations. Secret media-broker Secret media-broker diplomacy appears to be a contradiction in terms (Eban, 1998;Gilboa, 1998, 2000b). The primary professional mission of journalists is to uncover events, not to conceal them. Yet foreign affairs bureaucracies are known for rigidity and for resisting fundamental changes in relations with rival countries. Therefore, their personnel may leak information on negotiations, particularly if they oppose them. Thus, in certain sensitive cases, officials prefer working with outsiders, including reporters, to ensure secrecy bridging when, during a pre-negotiation phase, journalists can unofficially promote and facilitate interaction among conflicting parties, improve communication, and increase mutual understanding. The goal is to convince the sides that they should seriously consider negotiation as the preferred method for resolving their conflict. Bridging is more likely when there is no formal third party promoting conflict resolution. It typically occurs when representatives of rival sides are brought together on television to discuss the issues dividing them. “CNN effect” CNN effect means global real time TV coverage and its influence on public opinion and policy making, represented by CNN three dimension definition quick information channel fasten decision making and raise up level damage traditional decision-making consensus and leadership News management It suggests that no sufficient evidence has yet been presented to validate the CNN effect theory, that this effect has been highly exaggerated, and that the focus on this theory has deflected and diverted attention from the significant effects global television does have on policymaking. “Constraining” rather than “controlling” policymakers is a more valid analytical concept for analyzing the effects global television has on policymaking. When considered in this way, global television is only one of several factors competing to influence decisions. “Constraining” refers to the pressure global coverage applies on leaders to respond quickly to events, to the limiting of policy options, and to changes in the work of experts, diplomats, and communications professionals Conditioning media impact type and phase when there is the proximity and long process personality of decision makers when weak leader Consensus when elites disagree public acceptance when news opinion not extreme