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History of the Modern World
Great War’s End: Forging the Peace
1918-1922
Mrs. McArthur
Walsingham Academy
Room 111
World War I and the Russian Revolution
Section 4: Making the Peace, pp. 834-838
Witness History Audio: Worth Cost? Vera Brittain
What is Brittain’s reaction to the peace negotiations? Why?
The Costs of War
Influenza had spread among the troops at the end of the war and went home with them to their
families and neighbors. The loss of lives from the flu and the war and the costs of rebuilding warravaged cities made some countries and colonies vulnerable to revolt.
Pie Charts: Central Powers’ Casualties
Pie Charts: Allied Casualties
Graph: The Costs of War
Note Taking Transparency 172A
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Section 4: Making the Peace
The Paris Peace Conference
The Allies met in Paris to decide what the outcome of the war would be for Europe. President
Wilson wanted to advance his Fourteen Points, which would bring “peace without victory.” The
British Prime Minister wanted to rebuild England on a grand scale, while France’s leader wanted
to see Germany punished.
Note Taking Transparency 172B
The Treaty of Versailles
Germany was forced to sign the Treaty of Versailles, which narrowed German borders and as well
as saddling the country with the costs of war reparations. For a country whose economy was
already reeling, the debt would prove too costly.
Geography Interactive: Europe, 1914 and 1920
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Section 4: Making the Peace, pp. 834-838
The Outcome of the Peace Settlements
Other treaties also went into effect. In Eastern Europe, the Allies created new nations, such as
Poland and Yugoslavia. Previously German-ruled colonies in Africa and Asia were administered
by other Western powers. The League of Nations was also established, although without U.S.
participation.
Progress Monitoring Transparency
Summary: Peace Settlements, 1919
•Only victors invited to participate: Heads of state attend: Wilson, Lloyd George,
Clemenceau and Orlando
•Wilson pushes his “14 points” as basis for settlement
•Tensions among leaders: British and French demand reparations from Germany
with Wilson opposed.
•Leaders are answerable to votes, who call for “punishing” Germany who must bear
blame for war.
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Summary: Major Points of Peace of Paris Settlements
•Map of Central and Eastern Europe is redrawn: new or revived states appear, initially as
democracies
•League of Nations created with headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland
•Empires of defeated powers are broken up: Mandates for territories outside of Europe (Syria,
Palestine, Lebanon, Iraq, etc.)
•Treaties with defeated countries: Most important – Versailles Treaty with Germany which
contained “War Guilt Clause” (Article #231), as basis for payment of reparations.
Summary: Russian Revolution and Civil War
•March, 1917 – Abdication of tsar; Provisional Government formed
•Nov., 1917 – Bolsheviks seize power in Petrograd, arrest Provisional Government
•Dec., 1917 – Lenin creates new secret police force, the CHEKA, to suppress counterrevolutionary activities (Red Terror)
•March, 1918 – Treaty of Brest-Litovsk signed; Russia withdraws from war.
•1918-21 – Vicious civil war pits Bolsheviks (“Reds”) against opponents “(Whites”)
•1919 – Lenin creates Communist International, hoping to spread world revolution
•1921 – Bolsheviks win civil war; country in desperate economic straits (NEP)
Pie Charts: Central Powers’ Casualties
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Pie Charts: Allied Casualties
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Graph: Financial Costs of the War
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Note Taking Transparency 172A
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Note Taking Transparency 172B
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Progress Monitoring Transparency
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Assignment 1
1. Read text, pp. 843-845 identifying 2 new
terms and answering 2 checkpoint questions.
Reread PP notes.
2. Check your knowledge
3. Optional DBQ study
Notes:
1.
2.
Chapter 26 Test: Fri. 1/29
Book Club: Sign Up through Tues. for Remembrance Discussion
sessions.
Assignments 2-3
1. Read film review: Life and Nothing But
(photocopy)
2. Test Preparation: Be sure to use text,
pp. 848-849.
Extra-Credit: You may choose either 1 or 2. Be sure to observe deadlines.
1. Life and Nothing But: showing after school Wed. 1/27
2. DBQ: Civil Peace, due by email, Monday, 2/1
Assignment 4
Test: Text Chapter 26
•
Factual options-multiple choice, matching,
map
•
Critical Thinking-short essay(s) modeled on
participation grades
1. Chapter self-check
Notes:
1.
Catholic Schools’ Week – No Homework this weekend!