Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Animal Behavior Adaptive Behavioral Responses Stimulus – – Internal stimuli tell an animal what is happening in its own body Ex. Thirst, hunger, pain – External stimuli give animals information about its surroundings Ex. sound, sight, changes in length of day Internal and External Stimuli Interactions between internal and external stimuli usually trigger specific behaviors. – Ex. What might be some internal and external stimuli that cause you to wake up in the morning? Detection and Response to Stimuli Organs that are activated in response to stimuli: 1. Endocrine System (glands) 2. Muscular System Function of Behavior Homeostatic mechanism Two types of movement-related behaviors: 1. kinesis – random movement 2. taxis – movement in a specific direction Kinesis or Taxis? http://www.gettyimages.com/detail/video/group-ofamerican-cockroaches-disperse-scurrying-stockvideo-footage/143497781 http://www.pbslearningmedia.org/reso urce/vtl07.la.ws.style.moths/moths/ Cyclical Behaviors Circadian Rhythm – daily cycle of activity ex. sleep at night, active during day - Biological clock controls patterns Hibernation Avoiding cold winter temperatures by entering a dormant state – Lower body temperature – Reduced heartbeat – Slowed breathing rate – Not eating Migration Periodic movement from one place to another and then back again. – Ex. birds, butterflies, whales – Seasonal Instinct vs. Learning Instinct – inborn (innate) behavior – behavior that is performed correctly the first time an animal tries it – Ex. spiders building webs Instinctive behavior Mistakes can have severe consequences! Important behavior for newborns. Baby turtles not racing to the ocean. https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=w82xpBR_Z4A&edufilter =ITEV1GgfY7rUuGxSyy0SA Instinct vs. Learning Animals often change their behavior as they gain experience ---they learn! Types of learning: Habituation – learning to ignore a repeated stimulus (ex. plastic garden owls in garden) Types of learning continued… Imprinting – a rapid and irreversible learning process that only occurs during a short time in an animal’s life – Ex. identifying parents Classic scientist that demonstrated imprinting Conrad Lorenz and his geese http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eqZmW7uIPW4 Types of learning continued… Imitation – learning by observing others – Ex. babies learning to speak Associative Learning Associative Learning – An animal learns to associate a specific action with its consequences – Ex. Trial and error learning Types of Associative Learning: 1. Classical Conditioning – animal learns to associate a previously neutral stimulus with a behavior that was once triggered by a different stimulus Ex. Pavlov’s Dogs http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hhqumfpxuzI Pavlov’s dog in classical conditioning Types of Associative Learning continued… 2. Operant Conditioning – positive or negative reinforcement increases or decreases a behavior Ex. “Skinner boxes” or electric fence for pets http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= D-RS80DVvrg Operant Conditioning: The Skinner Box http://www.youtube.com /watch?v=Mt4N9GSBoMI Benefits and Costs of Behavior Benefits Costs - Survivorship - Energy Costs - Reproduction (fitness) - Opportunity Costs - Risk Costs Benefits Must Outweigh Costs Territoriality – control of a specific area by one or more species Optimal Foraging Theory – natural selection should favor behaviors that get animals the most calories for the cost Social Behavior Some animals live in groups that have definite social structures. Benefits of Social Behavior Improved foraging Members can help each other Reduces chance of predation Costs of Social Behavior Increased visibility to predators Increased competition Increased chance of spreading diseases or parasites Social Behaviors Communication visual, sound, touch chemical- pheromones Mate Selection – Courtship behaviors Defense – aggressive actions for protection Courship Behaviors in Birds http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMbDjNDD4cM Helpful Social Behaviors Cooperation Reciprocity – I’ll help you if you will help me. Altruism – animal reduces its own fitness to help others Eusocial behavior – extreme altruism Eusocial species live in large groups Most members are nonreproductive such as workers or soldiers All offspring from one female (queen) Most are haplodiploid – males are haploid, females diploid. Sons are from unfertilized eggs. Eusocial Ants Social behavior in bees http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x7cX2cjFunw Animal Cognition Cognition is the mental process of knowing through perception or reasoning. - Includes awareness and ability to judge Solving complex problems Perception reasoning Solving Problems Insight – ability to solve problems without repeated trial and error (ex. Monkey and bananas) Animals use tools (inanimate objects to help accomplish a task), shows they understand cause and effect Intelligent? Large brains Live in complex social groups Cultural behavior – taught to next generation (not naturally selected) Who’s the smartest? Parrots, dogs, dolphins, elephants, monkeys, octopus, pigs, squirrels, whales? Most intelligent animals http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Z-xSBrCG3w http://www.animalplanet.com/videotopics/pet-entertainment/funny-petvideos/smartest-animals.htm