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Chapter 24 The 1920s Prosperity Brief Post-World War I depression Remarkable period of growth began in 1922 and lasted until 1929 Shift from capital goods to consumer goods production Durables and perishables both Led to complete transformation of American life Stock buying also gained in popularity Prosperity (cont) Proliferation of consumer credit to facilitate purchases Many poor excluded from consumer revolution Rise of advertising and mass marketing To generate demand for products that could make a product seem the answer to a consumer’s desires Advertisers played upon people’s emotions and vulnerabilities Prosperity (cont) Changing attitudes toward marriage and sexuality Greater openness in attitudes toward sex Push for compatibility and companionship in marriage Flapper culture among young women Popularity of celebrities First appearance of large sporting events and professional athletes Depended on journalists and radio promoters Prosperity (cont) Celebrating American business Reverence for the corporation Rise of welfare capitalism among employers Position of industrial workers Aggregate demand for industrial labor slowed Dramatic increase in available workforce Became employer Unions lost ground, government hostile to labor Women workers Earned less than male workers, even for same jobs Drawn to white collar work for better opportunities Concentrated in “female” professions Female college enrollment increased 50 percent during decade Politics of Business Warren G. Harding in office Republican nominee because of his malleability Aware of own intellectual shortcomings Made some excellent cabinet appointments Others, though, were disastrous Plagued by scandals perpetuated by “Ohio Gang” Died in San Francisco mired in controversy Calvin Coolidge in office Untainted by Harding scandals Believed in minimalist government Worked especially to reduce government’s control over the economy Revenue Act of 1926 Twice vetoed McNary-Haugen Bill Politics of Business (cont) Herbert Hoover Directed Food Administration during the war Hoover as commerce secretary for Harding and Coolidge Saw government as dynamic, even progressive, economic force Associationalism Shut out of key decisions by Secretary of State Charles Evans Hughes Brought different functional groups together to manage economy Politics of Business (cont) Washington Naval Conference, 1921–1922 Five-Power Treaty Dawes Plan, 1924 Reduced German economy U.S. aid to stabilize German economy Kellogg-Briand Pact, 1928 International compact outlawing war as a tool of national policy Hands-on approach in Latin America Farmers, Protestants, and Moral Traditionalists Agricultural depression during 1920s Nonpartisan League of North Dakota publicized plight Farm Bureau also facing cultural crisis Farmers also facing cultural crisis 1920 census reported U.S. as urban nation Economic and cultural vitality of nation shifted to the cities Forced rural Americans toward efforts to protect their way of life Urbanization, 1920 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Moral Traditionalists (cont) Prohibition Initially, broad support for Eighteenth Amendment (1920) Simply encouraged lawlessness and organized crime Ruralites continued to support Prohibition regardless of its defects Ku Klux Klan Added Jews and Catholics to original focus on blacks Preached message of “Anglo-Saxon” racial party, Protestant superiority, and traditional morality Moral Traditionalists (cont) Immigration restriction Johnson-Reed Immigration Restriction Act, 1924 Imposed national quotas for immigrants from outside Western Hemisphere Favored “old immigrants” over “new immigrants” Protestant fundamentalism Literal interpretation of the Bible Arose as reaction to liberal Protestantism and the revelation of modern science Scopes Trial Became test case in struggle between fundamentalism and science Symbolic victory for modernism Ethnic and Racial Communities European Americans Concentrated in cities of Northeast and Midwest Flourishing of ethnic associations Alfred E. Smith Preservation of ethnic heritage and customs Strong desire to become citizens African-Americans Continued migration from rural South to the urban North Ethnic and Racial Communities (cont) Job and housing discrimination Vigorous and productive cultural life Jazz Harlem Renaissance Black literary and artistic awakening Image of the “new Negro” Mexican Americans Chief source of immigrant labor after Johnson-Reed Act Agricultural jobs, construction, manufacturing Not generally interested in becoming citizens The “Lost Generation” and Disillusioned Intellectuals World War I created generation of disaffected, alienated writers and artists Lost Generation Many settled in Paris Focused on psychological toll of living in postwar period Many came to question democracy itself Web Spurred debate over proper role of government in economy and life in general John Dewey Discussion Questions Examine the presidencies of Harding, Coolidge, and Hoover. How effective were their administrations? What good or ill did they do for the United States? How did the role of women and minorities change in the 1920s? Did their situation improve? What was the Harlem Renaissance? What was its impact on American culture? Describe the situation of farmers in the 1920s. Was this decade a good time, economically and morally, for them?