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Voltaire François-Marie d'Arouet 1694–1778 Paris, France Writer and Philosopher Critic Social Activist • Liberty Philosophies Free will exists Religion is a necessary guarantor of social order Hedonistic morality Skepticism is good Empirical facts • Optimism is ignoring the empirical facts in John Locke August 29th 1632 – October 28th 1704 Physician and philosopher Wrote many treatises Empiricist • Knowledge comes from senses Liberal • Individuals have rights • Limited governments must protect these rights Thomas Hobbes April 5 1588 – December 4 1679 Solely a philosopher Wrote Leviathan Walked between Liberalism and Monarchial Soveriegnty Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz 1646–1716 born in Leipzig, Germany 1672 Diplomat in Paris 15 Published Books • Discourse on Metaphysics Four Principles The Principle of the Best •God always acts for the best Predicate-in-Notion Principle •the notion of the predicate is in some way included in that of the subject. Principle of Contradiction •“That which involves a contradiction [is] false, and that which is opposed or contradictory to the false [is] true.” Principle of Sufficient Reason •“Nothing is without reason” •“There is no effect without a cause” Jean Jacques Rousseau 1712- 1778 Calvinist Geneva Wanted to become a priest, then an itinerant musician, settled for a tutor Abandoned his five children in a hospital Reconverted to Calvinism political philosophy and moral psychology Criticized philosophers Lettres Morales human beings are increasingly dependent on one another for the satisfaction of their needs human beings are good by nature but are rendered corrupt by society Philosophers are rationalizers of self-interest, as apologists of tyranny, and as playing a role in the alienation of humanity's natural impulse to compassion derive their very sense of self from the opinion of others Religious toleration and fallibility of inquisition Learning not by lecturing but by experience Denis Diderot 1713-1784 Langres, France Encyclopedia Writer • Pensees philosophiques • Lettre sur les aveugles Philosophies All things must be examined, debated, investigated without exception and without regard for anyone’s feelings. Pensees philosophiques • Attacked atheism and received Chritianity Lettre sur les aveugles • Criticized the conventional morality of the day • Alluded to the mistress of a minister Rene Descartes 1596La Haye, France Went to Jesuit college Geometry and Algebra New concept of Matter Meditationes de Prima Philosophia • 1641 Philosophies The Principles • Proves God’s existence • Unsound evidence The Meditations • Questions the possibility of knowledge The Passions • Passions of the soul are mental activities that can move us to action • Must be controlled Sir Thomas More 1478-1535 London, England Lord Chancellor Renaissance Humanist Utopia • 1516 Utopia Perfectly orderly, reasonable social arrangements Communal ownership of land Both men and women are educated Complete religious toleration Slavery Gold not liked, jewelry only for children Money only necessary for commodities Welfare No lawyers John Stuart Mill May 20 1806 – May 8 1873 Philosopher and economist Member of Parliament Wrote On Liberty Utilitarianism • Anybody can do anything as long as no harm is caused • Social Liberty • Tyranny of Majority Major Philosophies Liberalism Social Contracts Voltaire walks between these two ideas Is it the “best of all possible worlds?” Happiness