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Classification 1 Aristotle 384 BC • Classified organisms as either plants or animals 2 Carolus Linnaeus 1707-1778 • Classification system • Taxonomic groups of related organisms • Binomial nomenclature (two names) • Homo sapiens • Dermacentor andersoni 3 Taxonomic Groups 4 5 Species • “Species are groups of actually or potentially interbreeding populations, which are reproductively isolated from other such groups.” • Reproductively isolated group Ernst Mayr 6 Different Species 7 8 * * Archaea 9 Kingdom Eubacteria • Single celled (unicellular) • Prokaryotic • Make or absorb food; autotroph & heterotroph • Cell wall • Reproduction – asexual binary fission, conjugation, spores • Method of Locomotion – none/passive ; some of flagellum • Examples: E.coli, salmonella 10 Kingdom Archaea • • • • Single celled (uni-cellular) Prokaryotic Autotroph & Heterotroph Cell wall; three shapes – rod, spherical, curved • Reproduction – asexual binary fission, conjugation, spores • Method of Locomotion – none/passive • Additional Info – ancient bacteria, found in extreme environments 11 Kingdom Protista • • • • • • • Single celled Eukaryotic Ingest or produce food – heterotroph & autotroph Cell wall and/or chloroplasts in some groups Reproduction – sexual & asexual Method of Locomotion – passive, cilia, flagella, pseudopod Examples – algae, amoeba, euglena, slime molds, protozoan • Additional Info – live in moist environments, very diverse group 12 Kingdom Fungi • • • • • Multicellular & unicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall Heterotroph Reproduction – sexual, asexual, budding • Method of Locomotion – none/passive • Examples: mold, mushrooms, yeast 13 Kingdom Plantae • • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotic Cell wall & chloroplasts Produce food (autotrophs) Reproduction – sexual & asexual • Method of Locomotion – none/passive use of wind or pollinators for reproduction • Examples – fern, moss, rose, pine tree 14 Kingdom Animalia • • • • • • Multicellular Eukaryotic No cell wall Heterotroph Most sexual; some asexual Method of Locomotion – various – walk, swim, fly, crawl, etc. • Examples – sponge, crayfish, platypus, dog, frog, etc. • Additional Information – most complex group 15 Terminology • Classification – Assigning organisms to different catagories based on their relationship • Taxonomy – The science of naming organisms • Systematics – Determining evolutionary relationships of organisms • Phylogeny – Evolutionary history 16 Cladogram • Evolutionary relationship of a group of organisms • Each clad (group) share something in common • Ancestral traits are the oldest • Derived traits evolved later 17 Cladogram for Transportation • Wheels are the most ancestral • Wings are the most derived 18 Construct a Cladogram 19 Gorilla • Four limbs • Fur • Lost tail 20 Tiger • Four limbs • Fur • Tail 21 Lizard • Four limbs • Tail 22 Fish • Tail 23 Chimpanzee • Four limbs • Fur • Lost tail 24 Clad With 4 Limbs 25 Clad With Fur 26 Clad With No Tail 27 Characteristics for Constructing Cladogram • • • • Tail is the most ancestral Four limbs is the oldest derived trait Fur is a later derived trait Loss of tail is the most derived trait 28 Gorilla Chimpanzee Tiger Lizard Fish Tail Lost Fur Four Limbs 29 Gorilla Tail? • How do we know the gorilla lost its tail? 30 Gorilla’s Vestigial Tail Gorilla Human 31 Synapomorphy • A derived character shared by two or more groups. – Fur is a synapomorphy for the various groups of mammals. – Synapomorphies are used to determine evolutionary relationships 32 Phylogenetic Tree • Shows evolutionary relationships • More historical than cladogram 33 Uniramia Echinodermata Chordata Lophophorates Chelicerata Crustacea Protochordates Arthropoda Annelida Hemichordata Other pseudocoelomates Nematoda Mesozoa Sarcomastigophora Ciliophora Apicomplexa Microspora Mollusca Nemertea Platyhelminthes Ctenophora Cnidaria Placozoa Porifera Myxozoa 34 Mammals Birds Reptiles Amphibians Fish 35 Fish • • • • Fins Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth 36 Amphibian • • • • 4 limbs Vertebrae Simple egg Homodont teeth 37 Reptile • • • • 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Homodont teeth 38 Bird • • • • • • 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg No teeth Feathers Endothermic 39 Mammal • • • • • • 4 limbs Vertebrae Amniotic egg Heterodont teeth Fur or hair Endothermic 40 Birds Mammals Reptile Feathers Amphibian Fish Fur Endothermic Amniotic Egg Four Limbs Vertebrae 41 Birds Reptile Mammals Feathers Amphibian Fish Fur Endothermic Amniotic Egg Four Limbs Vertebrae • Synapomorphies – Four limbs for amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals – Amniotic egg for reptiles, birds & mammals 42 Symplesiomorphy • Character shared by a number of groups • Inherited from ancestors older than the last common ancestor. – Symplesiomorphies are not helpful in determining evolutionary relationships 43 Birds Reptile Mammals Feathers Amphibian Fish Fur Endothermic Amniotic Egg Four Limbs Vertebrae • Symplesiomorphies – Vertebrae for amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals – Four limbs for reptiles, birds & mammals 44 Monophyletic • A group of all the descendants of a common ancestor • The common ancestor is in the group • Example: Mammalia – Ancestor was a mammal like reptile 45 Paraphyletic • A group of descendants of a common ancestor • Common ancestor is in the group • Not all descendants are included • Example: Reptiles – Does not include birds and mammals 46 Polyphyletic • A group that has some similarities • Common ancestor is in not in the group • Not all descendants are included • Example: Flying vertebrates 47 Tree of Life 48 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Bilateral Symmetry Fig. 7.9 Sagittal plane 7-9 49 Anatomical Terms • Anterior – Head end (front side in upright man) • Posterior – Tail end (back side in upright man) • Dorsal – Back side • Ventral – Belly side 50 Anatomical Terms (cont) • Medial – Close to the middle • Lateral – Close to the side • Distal – Away from the main part • Proximal – Close to the main part 51 Anatomical Terms (cont) • Oral – End with the mouth • Aboral – Opposite end of the mouth • Cephalic – Toward head • Caudal – Toward tail 52 Bilateral Symmetry 53 Radial Symmetry 54 Asymmetry 55 The End 56
