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Mind Stretcher 12-8-16
1. Fermentation in muscle cells produces
a. glucose.
c. water.
b. lactic acid.
d. bacteria.
2. Cellular respiration is the process by which
a. plant cells create glucose.
b. cells grow and reproduce.
c. cells use oxygen to produce energy from food.
d. cells breakdown food without using oxygen.
3. (T/F) Cellular respiration describes how a cell
breathes.
How do little elephants grow up to be BIG
elephants?
Why do animals shed their
skin?
3 reasons why cells reproduce :
1. Growth
2. Repair
3. Replacement
Skin cancer - the abnormal growth
of skin cells - most often develops
on skin exposed to the sun.
Cell that reproduce by asexual
reproduction reproduce constantly.
How Do Body Cells Reproduce?
Through a process of asexual
reproduction called Mitosis. It begins
after a sperm fertilizes an egg.
What is Mitosis????
• Process by which a Eukaryotic Cell
divides (makes new BODY cells)
– separates the chromosomes in the
nucleus into two separate cells.
• Creates 2 identical daughter cells with
same # of chromosomes as the parent
cell
Before “Mitosis” Begins……Interphase
• I is for “Initial Cell!”
– In this stage
chromosomes appear
to be a big jumble!
– Chromatin appears in
the middle of the
nuclear envelope
• Chromosomes are copied
– This stage is technically
NOT mitosis…we are just
getting ready!
The Phases...........Prophase
• P is for “Pair Up”
• Chromatin condenses to
be viewed as rod like
pairs (chromosomes)
• Chromosome pairs are
formed and easily seen
during this phase.
• The centrioles (poles)
move to opposite sides
of cell.
The Phases……..Metaphase
• M is for “Meet in
Middle”
• Chromosomes line
up in the middle of
the cell
• Spindles from the
centromere creep out
and attach to the
chromosomes.
• Nuclear envelope
dissolves
The Phases………Anaphase
• A is for “Apart”
• Spindle Fibers pull
chromosomes apart to
opposite sides
• Now they are two
separate chromatids
(copy drawing from board)
The Phases…………Telophase
• T is for “Two new nuclei”
• A new nuclear membrane
forms
• Entire cell begins pulling
apart
“Mitosis” ends here…but we
have one more step before cell
division is complete…
Last step: Cytokinesis
• Cell pinches into
TWO separate
cells.
Can you find examples
of each phase?
MITOSIS-The Bottom Line:
STARTS WITH:
ENDS WITH:
1 BODY cell
2 BODY cells
46 chromosomes (or 23 pairs) 46 chromosomes
(*for humans)
(or 23 pairs)
*Remember: Mi “TOES” sis
Your TOES are part of your body! (body cells)
You MUST remember this slide!
Cell Division Song
Animal Cell Mitosis -- Review
Interphase
PHASES of
Mitosis:
Cytokinesis
Plant Cell Mitosis -- Review
Interphase
PHASES of
Mitosis:
Cytokinesis
Cell Cycle
20
- Cell Division
The Cell Cycle
21
21
Mitosis Animation
http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm
If time permits…here is some
extra information!
An Intro to Mitosis…with Twilight
A little help from Edward...
Cancer
Cells that divide too quickly, to the point where their
growth becomes out of control, are called cancer.
Abnormal rapid cell growth can result in damage or
mutation to the genes needed for a mature cell to
function. There are many reasons that cells can divide
and grow out of control, including genetic causes,
nutritional deficiencies, some infections, or exposure to
environmental causes, such as carcinogens or
ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun. Cancer can
begin with a single cell that starts to multiply too
rapidly, with the cells then unable to receive the proper
instructions to make proteins in order to grow,
multiply, and, in general, survive.
How long do cells live?
• There are approximately 200 types of cells
in the average human body alone, and the
average life span varies from a few hours
or days for certain blood cells to weeks
and months for skin cells and years and
even a lifetime for nerve and some brain
cells. There is equal variance in plants and
other animals.
How long do cells live?
•
Most blood cells have a life span of a few weeks, but neutrophils, a special
type of white blood cell, generally live for only a few hours. Taste receptor
cells similarly live for about 10 days, and cells lining the gut often last only
five.
Weeks and Months
• Many cells live somewhere between a few weeks and a few months.
• Human skin cells -almost constantly regenerating, and will typically die off
and be replaced by something new within about a month. The skin is the
body’s first line of defense.
• Cells in organs work on an almost constant basis, too, and these also
typically fall within the “weeks and months” range.
• Liver cells, for instance, usually live for anywhere from eight to 16 months,
and most red blood cells can go for about four months. Cells in the immune
system, like T cells, sometimes last only a few days if idle, but if they’re
busy fighting infection they often live for several months at a time.
Cell Life Span cont.
• Muscle cells come in many different types, but most
have an average life span of about 25 years.
• Some cells may also have a life span equal to the
person or animal’s life span, which is to say that they
may never die out or regenerate on their own. Nerve
cells, also referred to as neurons, are one example.
They specialize in conducting electrical impulses, and
though there are quite a few types of neurons, for the
most part, none self-replicate. They’re in the body for a
lifetime.
• Brain cells- Some of these are with a person at birth and
others grow during childhood, but many won't die until
the person or animal does.
Mind Stretcher
• 1. Chromosomes that have the SAME
sequence of genes and the same structure
are called ____________.
• 2. Mitosis creates ___(#)______ body
cells each having _(#)____ chromosomes.