Download The Industrial Revolution

The Industrial Revolution
1750-1914
A Turning Point in History
• Most people lived in small villages
and used simple handmade tools.
• Long, slow process shifted from
hand tools to simple machines.
• New sources of power replaced
human and animal power
Imagine this…
• You are 5 years old and you are spinning thread in a textile
mill
• It is your first day at work and you’re already exhausted.
You wanted to help your family by earning extra money, so
you came to Manchester to work with your uncle in the
textile mill. You must work on several machines at once,
keeping the thread from tangling and breaking. The factory
still seems so strange.
• It is hard to breathe-cotton dust flies out of the machines,
coughing into lungs
• The thunder of a spinning mule, children untie knots in
threads darting in and out, you see a little boy almost get
his hand caught in the machine, boss gives you a scowl
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
CAUSE
EFFECT
• Dutch build dikes • Land is reclaimed
from the sea
• Dutch combine
small fields and • Land is better
use fertilizer
used and
from livestock
renewed
THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION
EFFECT
CAUSE
• English mix soils & • Higher crop yields
experiment w/ crop • Fewer seeds are
rotation
wasted
• Jethro Tull invents • Farm output &
the seed drill
profits rise; small
• Wealthy
farmers forced off
landowners enclose their land
land
The Agricultural Revolution
• Wealthy landowners enclose
land.
• Enclosure is the process of
taking over and fencing off land
– forces small farmers off the
land and into cities
• Agricultural Revolution improved
farming techniques, more food is
available to the people.
• Caused Population explosion- people
begin to eat better, causing the death
rate to drop
Factors That Led to the Industrial Revolution:
New Technology
• 1700s-energy revolution occurred as
people began to use news sources of
energy
• Coal-to develop the steam engine
invented by English inventors Thomas
Newcomen and James Watt
Factors That Led to the Industrial Revolution:
New Technology
• Coal was source of fuel in production
of iron, material needed for
construction of machines and steam
engines
• Coal was used smelt iron-separated
iron from its waste matter.
• better quality and less expensive iron.
Why Britain was the Starting Point for the
Industrial Revolution
• Natural Resources: Britain had
large supplies of coal to power
steam engines and iron to build
the new machines.
• Britain also had plenty of workers
for the new mines and factories
Why Britain was the Starting Point for the
Industrial Revolution
• New Technology: Britain had plenty of
skilled workers who were eager to
create new practical inventions.
• Political Conditions: Stable gov. that
supported economic growth.
• Strong navy to protect its empire and
overseas trade
Why Britain was the Starting Point for
the Industrial Revolution
• Economic Conditions: British
overseas empire made the
economy strong. As a result,
the middle class had capital, or
wealth, to invest in mines,
railroads and factories.
British Cotton Trade, 1850
• In the 1600s, cotton cloth imported from India
had become popular.
Changes in the Textile Industry
• Demand for cotton grows, new
inventions change the British textile
industry.
• The Flying Shuttle-invented by John
Kay, invention allowed a weaver to
produce much wider cloth at faster
speeds than before.
The Flying Shuttle
Changes in the Textile Industry
• The Water Frame,
invented by Richard
Arkwright used
water power to
speed up spinning
even more.
Changes in the Textile Industry
• The Spinning
Jenny, invented
by James
Hargreaves spun
many threads at
the same time
Changes in the Textile Industry
• Spinners and weavers worked in the
first factories, places that brought
together workers and machines to
produce large quantities of goods.
Revolution in Transportation
• Turnpikes, or toll roads, helped to
improve transportation
• Invention of steam locomotive made
the growth of railroads possible
• Robert Fulton used the steam engine to
power the first steamboat, which
improved shipping
Revolution in Transportation
Life in the New Industrial City
• Urbanization -movement of people to
cities.
• Many poor people lived in slums.
They packed into tiny rooms in
tenements, multistory buildings
divided into crowded apartments;
while they middle class lived in
spacious houses
British Population Statistics
Population increase
• Population at 6 million from 1700 to 1740
• The population of England had more than doubled
from 8.3 million in 1801 to 16.8 million in 1850 and,
• By 1901, had nearly doubled again to 30.5 million, as
living conditions and health care improved during the
19th century
• Britain's population doubled every 50 years.
• Europe’s population increased from about 100
million in 1700 to 400 million by 1900.
Life in the New Industrial City
Factory Work and Women
• Factory work dangerous and
monotonous
• Farm work varied more than factory
work
• Employers preferred to hire women,
they could pay them less for the same
job
The Factory System-Workers
• In the factory: Working hours were
long, sometimes 12-16 hours a day for
only a few cents a day.
• Workers suffered injuries from unsafe
machines and conditions.
• 1830s and 1840s Parliament slowly
passed laws to regulate child labor
in mines and factories.
Poor City Dwellers
• Lacked adequate housing and many
were forced to live in unhealthy
conditions with garbage in the
streets and no running water, only
community pumps
• There were high rates of crime and
alcoholism
Hardships
• Poverty, unsanitary and overcrowded
housing
• Workers packed into tiny rooms
tenements- multistory buildings
divided into crowded apartments. No
sewage or sanitation, and wastes and
garbage rotted in streets. Cholera,
tuberculosis and other diseases spread
rapidly.
The Factory System-Workers
• If a worker was sick or injured, they
lost their jobs.
• Children, especially orphans, worked
as hard as adults for even lower
wages, starting at age 4-6
• Parents let their children work
because they needed the money to
survive.
Merchants, factory owners and Middle
Class
• They gained wealth and status in
society and joined a growing
middle class of skilled workers,
professionals, business people, and
well to do farmers
• Middle class enjoyed a comfortable
standard of living
Large Landowners and Aristocrats
• Bc some factory owners, merchants,
and investment bankers grew
wealthier, large landowners and
aristocrats lost some status, respect
and power but continued to look
down on those who gained wealth
and status.
New Industrial Powers
• Britain stood alone as the world’s first
industrial giant.
• By the mid 1800s, the Industrial
Revolution had spread
• Belgium became the first European
nation outside Britain to industrialize.
New Industrial Powers
• Germany and US had more coal
and iron than Britain. Both
nations made use of British
technology. By the 1800s, they
led the world in production.
New Industrial Powers
• Eastern and southern Europe
industrialized more slowly. These
countries did not have the natural
resources or the capital to invest.
Technology and Industry
• Development of the Bessemer
process allowed steel to be
produced cheaply
• Steel -building material, lighter
and more durable than iron
Technology and Industry
• Chemists created hundreds of new
products: medicines, fertilizers, and
dynamite.
• Dynamo, a machine that generates
electricity, was invented. Electricity
replaced steam as the source of
industrial power
Methods of Production
• Interchangeable parts (identical
parts) and the assembly line
were two means of production
that made production faster and
cheaper, lowering the price of
goods
Transportation and Communication
• Transportation: Steamships, railroads,
the car (Karl Benz and Henry Ford), the
airplane (Orville and Wilbur Wright),
and turnpikes
• Communication: the telegraph
(Samuel Morse), the telephone
(Alexander Graham Bell), and the
radio (Marconi)
Big Business Changes
• Large scale companies formed
corporations and created
monopolies. In pursuit of profit, they
devoured smaller companies.
• This led to a call for laws to prevent
monopolies and regulate big business
Advances in Medicine
• Cause: Hygiene improved as people
understand that germs cause disease
• Effect: Drop in the rate of disease and
death
• Examples: Lister discovered that
antiseptics kill germs, & Pasteur
proved that germs cause diseases
Advances in Medicine
• Cause: Anesthesia introduced in the
1840s to relieve pain during surgery
• Effect: Anesthesia allowed doctors to
experiment w/ operations that had
never before been possible
City Life
• Cause: Paris city planners in the
1850s built wide boulevards and
splendid public buildings
• Effect: It put a lot of people to work,
reducing social unrest, and wide
boulevards made it easier for troops
to reach any part of the city
City Life
• Cause: Cities offered promise of work
and the excitement of music halls,
museums, libraries, theaters, and
sporting events
• Effect: Millions of new residents
flocked to live in cities as the city
became safe, more livable, and more
exciting
Working Class Struggles
• Cause: Workers protested to improve
harsh conditions industrial life. They
eventually won right to organize
unions & began to push for better
wages and working conditions
• Effect: Govs passed laws regulating
conditions in factories and mines
Changes to the Social Structure
• At top were wealthy industrial
and business families.
• Below them growing middle class.
• Base were workers & peasants
• In 1811 the American industrial spy ‐ Francis
Cabot Lowell visited English textile factories
and memorized the details of how the
machines operated.
• The British knew that their factories were
important for their new wealth and so tried to
keep their details secret, such as banning the
migration of skilled workers.
• Saw how the British contracted out parts of
the production system to small groups of
separate workers.
Interpreting the Political Cartoon
• To the Left: This grim cartoon shows
dismembered bodies flying through the
air after a steamship/railroad boiler
explodes.
• To the Right: This cartoon poked fun at
"teakettle power", the name given to the
power produced by the steam engine.
• Industrial Revolution Clip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ATToV5heso
• Child Labor Today BBC Clip
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ruh0O_mj
1v0
• Watt’s Steam Engine. The steam engine,
fueled primarily by coal, propelled the
Industrial Revolution in Great Britain and
the world.
• The only surviving example of a Spinning mule
built by the inventor Samuel Crompton
• Puffing Billy, an early railway steam
locomotive, constructed in 1813-1814 for
colliery work.
• A young "drawer" pulling a coal tub along a
mine gallery. In Britain, laws passed in 1842
and 1844 improved working conditions in
mines.