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Industrial Revolution
Industrial Revolution Begins
• Wealthy landowners bought up
farmland and then enclosed their
land with fences.
– Could cultivate larger fields and try new
agricultural methods.
– Forced small farmers to become tenant
farmers or to move to the cities.
• Increased population
– Boosted the demand for cloth.
– Many people become factory workers.
• Why in Britain?
– Political stability
– Factors of production: Land, labor,
capital, entrepreneurship
Inventions
• The flying shuttle doubled the work a
weaver could do in a day.
• The spinning jenny allowed one
spinner to work eight threads at a
time.
• The water frame used waterpower
from streams to drive spinning wheels.
• The spinning mule made thread that
was stronger and finer.
• Wealthy textile merchants set up these
machines in factories near streams.
• Eli Whitney
– The cotton gin multiplied the amount of
cotton that could be cleaned
– Interchangeable parts made it easier to
build and repair machines.
Improvements in Transportation
• James Watt created the steam
engine.
• “Father of the Industrial
Revolution”
• Robert Fulton used the steam
engine to build a steam boat.
– Canals lowered the cost and
sped up transportation time for
delivering goods.
• John McAdam made roads
more efficient.
– Turnpikes
Railroads
• Railroads and steam engines were
created.
– George Stephenson’s locomotive could
go 24 mph
• Major Effects:
– Spurred industrial growth
• Gave manufacturers a cheap way to
transport goods.
– Created thousands of new jobs.
• Needed railroad workers and miner.
– Boosted agricultural and fishing
industries.
• Could transport their products to distant
cities without goods spoiling.
– Made travel easier
• Encouraged country people to take distant
city jobs or travel to the country.
Industrialization Begins in the U.S.
• Francis Cabot Lowell revolutionized
the American textile industry.
– Employed thousands of young single
women from the country.
• Made higher wages
– Had to follow strict behavior guidelines
– Worked 12 hours a day, 6 days a week.
• U.S. began to build more railroads
which led to increased trade.
• Corporations sold stock to invest in
their businesses.
– Formation of monopolies.
– Poor working conditions.
Continental Europe Industrializes
• Belgium
– Had rich deposits of iron and coal
as well as fine waterways for
transportation.
– William Cockerill illegally made
his way to Belgium.
• Produced steam engines and
locomotives.
• Germany
– Built railroads that linked its
growing manufacturing cities
with industrial cities.
• Germany had become both an
industrial and a military giant.
• Many European countries
didn’t industrialize.
– Geography held many back.
Impact of Industrialization
• Imperialism
– Industrialized countries required a
steady supply of raw materials
from less developed lands and
viewed poor countries as market
for their manufactured products.
• Industrialized countries extended
their rule over less developed lands.
• Transformation of Society
– Because of hardships on early
urban workers, reform movements
started.
Industrialization Spreads
• In order to keep the
secrets of
industrialization Britain
forbid engineers,
mechanics and
toolmakers from leaving
the country.
– However, British
immigrants eventually
made their way to
Europe and America.
Urbanization
 The increasing demand for
workers led masses of
people to migrate from
farms to cities. This
movement is called
urbanization.
 This movement caused
some cities to double or
even quadruple in size.
 London quickly became
Europe’s largest city,
doubling the size of Paris.
• New social classes were
created by the Industrial
Revolution.
– The middle class owned
the new factories and
mines.
– The working class
worked in the factories
and mines
• They lived and worked in
deplorable conditions.
 Industrial Revolution cities
 No development plans, building
or sanitary codes
 Lacked adequate education,
housing and police
 No street drainage, thus human
waste and garbage collected
 These unsanitary conditions
led to the spread of diseases.
– Cholera
 Average life span of city workers
was 17!
 Workers reacted to these
conditions through riots and
religion.
Working Conditions
 Workers moved to the city
to work in huge buildings
called factories.
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Long Hours: 12-14 hr. days
Dangerous machines
Poorly lit
No job security
Filthy; polluted air
No breaks
Low wages
Beatings
Extreme heat
 The coal mines were even
worse than factories.
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Black lung disease
Extreme heat
Explosions
Flooding
Collapsing tunnels
 Employed many women
and children
 Average life span was 10
yrs. shorter than other
workers.
 Working class families
also sent their children
to work, many as young
as 5 or 6 years old!
 “Factory Acts” were
eventually passed to
protect children.
 Eventually, other laws
were passed to shorten
the workday for women
and require children to be
educated.
Results of Industrialization
 The Industrial
Revolution can be said
to be both a blessing
and a curse…
 Negatives Outcomes
 Early Industrial
Revolution was
characterized by low pay
and horrible
living/working conditions
 Pollution
 Positive Outcomes
 Reforms were eventually
passed to improve
conditions
 Better wages, hours, and
conditions
 More jobs
 Increased income
 Advanced modes of
transportation
 More goods, cheaper
 Increased standard of living
 Better educational
opportunities