Download Physics Lab Manual 2016

Lab
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Content
Introduction to Oscilloscope, Multi meter, Tri Meter kit, Related software.
Testing diode through multi meter.
Diode as a Half-wave rectifier, testing both on hardware and software.
Diode as a center tap, full-ware rectifier, testing both on hardware and software.
Diode as a full wave bridge rectifier, testing both on hardware and software.
Diode clipper circuit, testing both on hardware and software.
Designing complete AC to DC power supply.
Working of seven segment display, testing both on hardware and software.
Zener diode as a voltage limiter, testing both on hardware and software.
Light emitting diode, Photo diode working, testing both on hardware and software.
Analysis bipolar Junction transistor characteristics curve software simulation.
BJJ as an amplifier, testing both on hardware and software.
BJJ as a switch, testing both on hardware and software.
MOSFET as a switch, testing both on hardware and software.
MOSFET as an amplifier, testing both on hardware and software.
Experiment No: 1
Diode as a half wave rectifier:
To analyses the voltage of Half wave rectification:
Theory:
Rectifier is a circuit design to convert alternating current to direct current. It is also called AC to
DC converter. In Half-wave rectifier the diode allows the current to flow only during the positive
half of the AC wave. When the input voltage is negative the diode blocks the current. Although
the resulting current is unidirectional, only half of the AC input reaches the output
Equipment and Tools:
1.Transformer
2.Oscilloscope
3.Probe
4.Diode
5.DMM(Digital Multimeter)
6. EPAL Trainer kit
7. 10k OHM RL
Multisim Circuit diagram:
Waveform:
Procedure:
1: We place diode on the breadboard horizontally.
2: Attach the resistor to the cathode end of diode and ground its other end.
3: Attach the positive end of the transformer to the anode end of diode and ground its neutral
end.
4: Supply a constant AC power to the transformer which will step down the current.
5: Using oscilloscope’s either channel attach its negative end to the ground wire and its positive
end to the cathode end of the diode.
6: We now see a constant flow of positive current on the oscilloscope the negative current is
stopped.
Hardware:
IN CASE OF TROUBBLE:
1. First you should check the circuit that your circuit is correct or not.
2. Check terminals of diode, Anode should be connected to Anode otherwise it would not
pass current and will work as open switch.
3. Check the oscilloscope put it on auto.
4. Check the wires of the transformer the positive should be connected to diode and the
middle one should be grounded.
Experiment No: 2
Diode as a Center-Taped- Full wave rectifier:
Theory:
Rectifier is a converter which converts AC into DC current. In full wave rectification two
diodes are used, where the first diode is forward and another one is reversed biased.
Equipment and Tools:
1.Transformer
2.Oscilloscope
3.Probe
4.Diodes
5.DMM(Digital Multimeter)
6. EPAL Trainer kit
7. 10k OHM RL
Multisim Circuit diagram:
Waveform:
Procedure:
1: First of all we take two diodes and placed them horizontally on the breadboard.
2: Then we attached these diodes with the help of wire.
3: After this we will take a resistor and connects its one side with a diode and the other side to
the ground.
4: Supply a constant AC power to the transformer which will step down the current.
5: Using oscilloscope either channel attach its negative end to the ground and its positive end
with cathode end of the diode.
6: Now we see a constant flow of current in the form of full wave.
.
Hardware:
IN CASE OF TROUBBLE:
1. First you should check the circuit that your circuit is correct or not.
2. Check terminals of diode, Anode should be connected to Anode otherwise it would not
pass current and will work as open switch.
3. Check the oscilloscope put it on auto.
4. Check the wires of the transformer the positive should be connected to diode and the
middle one should be grounded.
Experiment No: 3
Diode as a Bridge-full wave rectifier:
Theory:
In bridge full wave rectifier four diodes are used(D1,D2,D3,D4), where two diodes
(D1,D2) are used as forward biased, and two diodes (D3,D4) are used as reversed biased.
Equipment and Tools:
1.Transformer
2.Oscilloscope
3.Probe
4.Diode
5.DMM(Digital Multimeter)
6. EPAL Trainer kit
7. 10k OHM RL
Multisim Circuit diagram:
Waveform:
Procedure:
1. First of all we take an AC power and connect it with a transformer 0f 220V.
2. We will take four diodes and and placed two diodes as forward biased and two as
reversed biased.
3. After this we will take a resistor and connect its one side with a cathode side of diode and
placed the other side of resistor to the ground.
4. There we have three wires of transformer, placed the one end of wire between D1 and D2
and the one end between D3 and D4, and the neutral end to the ground.
5. Now attach the oscilloscope with the circuit to examine the wave.
6. At the end we connect a probe one end with the resistor’s ground and when we connect
another end of the probe with the diode it gives us the output result wave on the
oscilloscope.
Hardware:
Both Input and output:
IN CASE OF TROUBBLE
5. First you should check the circuit that your circuit is correct or not.
6. Check terminals of diode, Anode should be connected to Anode otherwise it would not
pass current and will work as open switch.
3. Check the oscilloscope put it on auto.
4. Check the wires of the transformer the positive should be connected to diode and the
middle one should be grounded.
EXPERINENT NO # 4
Diode clipper or limiter circuit:
Theory:
Diode circuits, called limiters or clippers which are used to limits the input voltage. In this
circuit we use diode as forward biased for positive alternation and reversed for negative
alteration.
Equipment’s and tools:
1234567-
Diode
Resister
Oscilloscope
Probe
DMM
EPAL Trainer kit
Transformer
MultisimCircuit Diagram:
Wave Form:
Procedure:
1. First of all we take an ac power supply and connect it with a Transformer.
2. We take one diode as a forward biased for first time and used diode as a reversed for
second time.
3. We connect its positive terminal with resister and negative with ground.
4. At the end we connect a probe one end with resister and another with the ground then it
gives above 0.7 voltages for positive cycle and below full negative half cycle.
Hard form:
Hard wave form:
EXPERINENT NO # 5
Diode clipper or limiter circuit:
Theory:
Diode circuits are called limiters or clippers which are used to limits the input voltage. In this circuit we
used two diodes. One diode as forward biased and second diode as reverse biased.
Equipment’s and tools:
8- Diodes
9- Resister
10- Oscilloscope
11- Probe
12- DMM
13- EPAL Trainer kit
14- Transformer
Circuit Diagram:
Wave Form:
Procedure:
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
First of all we take an ac power supply and connect it with a Transformer.
We used two diodes.
We take one diode as a forward biased and second diode as a reverse biased.
We connect its positive terminal with resister and negative with ground.
At the end we connect a probe one end with resister and another with the ground then it
gives above 0.7 voltages for positive cycle and below full negative half cycle.
10. Diode limits the voltage of 0.7 for positive half cycle and -0.7 voltage for negative half
cycle
Hard form:
Hard wave form:
EXPERINENT NO # 6
Diode clipper or limiter circuit:
Theory:
Diode circuits are called limiters or clippers which are used to limits the input voltage. In this
circuit we use four diodes. Two diodes as forward biased and two diodes as reverse biased.
Equipment’s and tools:
15- Diode
16- Resister
17- Oscilloscope
18- Probe
19- DMM
20- EPAL Trainer kit
21- Transformer
Circuit Diagram:
Wave Form:
Procedure:
11. First of all we take an ac power supply and connect it with a Transformer.
12. We take four diodes.
13. We take two diode as a forward biased and two diodes as a reversed.
14. We connect four diodes with each others and connect its end with resister and polar
capacitor.
Hard form:
Hard wave form:
EXPERIMENT NO: 7
Working of seven segment.
Theory:
A seven segment display consists of seven elements that are made of either LCDs(liquids) or
LEDs(light-emitting diodes).The elements arelabeled.
Depending on which elements are turned ON ,the display decimal numerals 0 to 9 .there are two
importants types of 7-segments LED display . In a common cathode display ,the cathodes of all
the LEDs are joined together and the indivals segments are illuminated by connecting to LOW
voltage.
Equipments and tools:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Breadboard.
Connecting Wires.
Seven segment decoder.
Seven segment display.
Switches.
5v vcc.
Ic .
Multisim circuit diagram (common anode and common cathode):
Methods
Seven segment display:
When dealing with seven-segment displays, there are two types. Common anode and common
cathode; in common anode all the anodes on the display are tied to a common pin, typically the
power source, and the LED are controlled via the cathodes with ground being on and power
being off. In common cathode all the cathodes are tied to a common pin, in this case generally
ground, and the LED are driven by the state of the anodes where ground is off and power is on.
Procedure:
1.
We put a 7-segment display on breadboard in such a way that all of pins are disconnected
from each other.
2. Now we connect all of its individual segments using male to male wire on the EPAL
trainer.
3. We also ground it and connect its decimal points as well.
4. Carefully using the switches we check all the segments by
providing them power this is
because we are using a common cathode display.
5.
We make certain that at the main cathode end is not connected to power on both ends as it
can burn seven segment display.
6.
We can see all the result on the seven segment by using the combination between the
segments from a-g(using the connection between the segments we can get all possible result
ranging from 0 to 9.
Hardware (for both anode and cathode):
In case of trouble:
1.
2.
3.
4.
First you should check the circuit that our circuit is connected or not.
Check the wires properly that are connected or not
The voltage should not be exceeded to the required voltage.
The pins of the connecting wires should be connected correctly.