Download The United States of America

The United States of America
Mr. Kernan
George Washington
• Washington slowly makes his way towards
NYC, the nations temporary capital and into a
job he never wanted, The President of the
United States.
• On April 30, 1789, George Washington took
the oath of office as the first President of the
United States.
George Washington
• Fear over the Presidency, would Washington
be a…King! People trusted Washington.
• Alexander Hamilton on GW: “He consulted
much, pondered much, resolved slowly,
resolved surely.”
• What is a precedent?
Washington
• One precedent, how people addressed him
• What are some ways?
• He decided Mr. President would be
appropriate.
The Cabinet
• Summer of 1789, Congress developed 3
departments in the executive branch of
government:
• State Department – would handle relations
with other nations
• Treasury Department – would deal with
financial matters
• War Department – would provide for the
nations defense.
Leaders of these departments
• Thomas Jefferson – Secretary of State
• Alexander Hamilton – Secretary of the
Treasury
• Henry Knox – Secretary of War
• Edmund Randolph – Attorney General
• These men would meet regularly with
Washington and became known as his
Cabinet.
The First Congress
• How much power does the President have
over Congress?
• Can the President replace an appointment of
his choosing with Senate approval?
• John Adams broke the tie allowing the
President to replace a member of his cabinet
without Senate approval.
Judiciary Act
• Congress had to decide how to set up the
nation’s court system.
• Disagreements arose but a compromise was
met.
• Judiciary Act of 1789. Congress est. a federal
court system with 13 district courts and 3
circuit courts in the nation. Federal courts
could reverse the rulings of state courts.
The Bill of Rights
• James Madison presented 12 amendments to
the Constitution. Fear over a powerful central
government.
• Congress passed 12 amendments, the states
ratified 10 of them. They became known as
the Bill of Rights.
• Among these, freedom of speech, press, and
religion. 10th amendment protects rights and
states and individuals.
Economics
• National Debt – the amount the nation’s
government owed, today's debt...yikes!
• 1790, Alexander Hamilton issued a “Report on
the Public Credit.”
• He proposed the federal government pay off
the debts of individuals and states.
• By doing so, this would create strong interest
among the states in the success of the federal
government.
Economics
• How the debt was created:
• Bonds, pieces of paper, were issued during the
war to pay the Amer. Rev. These bonds were
promises to repay the debt, an I.O.U.
• Many of the original bond owners,
shopkeepers, farmers and soldiers had sold
their bonds for less than what its original
value, times were tough.
• How does the value of money fluctuate?
What is GDP?
• GDP stands for Gross Domestic Product.
• What in the world is GDP?
• GDP is the market value of all final goods and services
produced and purchased within a country during a given time
period. There are two ways to measure GDP: Nominal GDP is
the value of production at current market prices and, Real
GDP is the value of production using a given base year prices,
• GDP in 1790
Early American Economics
• What were the strengths of American
industry?
• North?
• South?
Northern Economics
• Had been a predominantly agricultural society.
• With this known, how did industrialization
gain a foothold on the Northern economy.
(1790 – 1860)
Northern Economics
The Puzzle of Industrialization
• In a society which was predominantly
agricultural, how did industrialization gain a
foothold?
• Possible reasons
• Demand from farmers would push industry
• However, this is only plausible if we knew the
farmers had such a demand.
• Could they not be self-sufficient?
Reasons for the boom
• It had been thought the quality of agriculture
was poor in the North.
• If it were, it would make sense for farm
workers to leave the farms for workshops,
textile mills, and other manufacturing
environments.
• Manufactures provided work for women and
children.
Reasons for the boom
• However, manufacturing markets remained
mostly in the East prior to 1860.
• It is unclear who purchased products to
support growth of manufactures prior to
1820.
• Interesting note, as late as 1840, 80% of the
population lived in rural areas.
Reasons for the boom
• Maybe there wasn’t a boom after all!
• So let’s challenge the belief that agriculture
wasn’t poor in the North and specifically the
Northeast.
• Between 1790 and 1860, the East had a
prosperous agriculture.
This is what we want to know!
• Farmers supplied low-cost agricultural
products to rural and urban dwellers. This
population demanded manufactures, who
were supplied by local and sub regional
manufacturing sectors.
• There was production in larger markets and
the transformation occurred, especially in
shoes.
Continued…
• In Connecticut, items such as buttons, tin
ware and wooden clocks (cotton textiles).
• Transportation improvements had little impact
on agricultural and industrial developments.
• Primarily b/c the horse and wagon served well
as a transport and cheap waterway passages
would give birth to larger areas becoming
centers of big business, i.e. Boston, New York,
Philadelphia, Hartford, Providence and
Baltimore.
Southern Economics
• Understanding Elizabethan England at a time
when the principal fear was overpopulation
which would lead to rootless, property-less
class of vagabonds who might undermine the
social fabric.
• One solution was to send poor whites to the
colonies, where they might prosper or at least
be removed as a threat to the social order.
Southern Economics
• Life expectancy in the South increased, land
prices rose while tobacco prices fell, life in 17th
century southern colonies resembled the
perilous condition of pre-emigration England.
The situation evoked comparable fears of
social unrest, as seen with Bacon's Rebellion
and other disputes.
Southern Economics
• The answer was to supplant the white
laboring force with an enslaved black labor
force.
• How to keep the integrity?
• For those whites existing on the fringe of
society, it would improve poor whites by
creating a situation where aspects of
government were conceded to yeomen
farmers.
Southern Economics
• With slavery came freedom and republican
government for all whites.
• So, if the creation of slavery was not a
conscious response to the fears of wealthy
Southerners for the security of their society,
should we consider their republican ideas
more than a rationalization for the cultivation
of an evil social system.
• At the time of the Revolution, African
Americans made up 1/5 of the population.
Southern Economics
• The rise of American liberty and equality in
this country was accompanied by the rise of
slavery.
• With 40% of all American slaves in Virginia,
how did the leaders of democracy, liberty and
equality, Washington, Madison, and most of
all Jefferson, allow for 1/5 of our population to
be enslaved?
Southern Economics
• Can we explain how these men could have
arrived at beliefs and actions so full of
contradiction?
• Another way to put it: How did England, a country priding
itself on the liberty of its citizens, produce colonies where
most of the inhabitants enjoyed still greater liberty, greater
opportunities, greater control over their own lives than most
men in the mother country, while the remainder, one fifth of
the total, were deprived of virtually all liberty, all
opportunities, all control over their own lives?
The Articles of Confederation
• Weaknesses…
• Strengths…
The Great Compromise
• Or the Connecticut Compromise.
• A compromise is an agreement between two
or more sides in which each side gives up
some of what it wants.
• Richard Sherman or CT. proposed a two-house
legislature, the number of seats for each state
would vary according to the state’s population
(lower house). Upper house, each state would
have two members
Three-Fifths Vote
• What the members of the Constitutional
Convention came up with regarding the
citizenship of a slave.
• A slave would count as 3/5 of a person.
• How would this effect the North?
• How would this effect the South?
The Northwest Ordinance
• Areas of Ohio, Indiana, Wisconsin, Michigan
and Illinois. When the population reached
60,000, each could apply for statehood.
The New Jersey Plan
• Protection for the smaller states. A one house
legislature, weak executive branch made up of
more than one person. One state = One vote.
The Virginia Plan
• Plan to have a bicameral legislature, executive
branch (one person), court system.
• Representatives would be proportional to the
population of each state. Larger states would
have more representatives because they had a
greater population
The Constitution
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Washington is President.
Two House legislative system.
Judiciary Act of 1789
Congress est. a federal court system with 13
district courts and 3 circuit courts
Bill of Rights
• James Madison presented a list of possible
constitutional amendments to Congress
• 10 out of 12 were ratified.
• Bill of Rights
Early Challenges
• The Whiskey Rebellion – July 1794.
• About 500 farmers armed with swords, guns,
and pitchforks attacked tax collectors and
burned down buildings. Some chanted
“Liberty, Equality, Fraternity” a slogan from
the French Revolution. They also waved a flag
symbolizing an independent “country” in
western PA.
Whiskey Rebellion
• The protest called the Whiskey Rebellion, was
put down by Washington and 13,000 of his
closest friends.
• Why did Washington raise an army of 13,000
to stop 500?
Whiskey Rebellion
• Washington serves notice on those who
opposed government actions. If you want to
change the law, you can do so peacefully and
more importantly, Constitutionally.
Struggle over the West
• Native Americans between the Appalachian
Mtns. And Mississippi River refused to be
governed by the US. Would always ask Spain
and England for help. Each would be more
than happy to ruffle the feathers of the US.
• Washington worried about European ambition
in the western parts of the country.
To the West
• One initiative, Washington sent a large
military expedition under Gen. Arthur St.
Claire to restore order in the Northwest
Territory. In November 1791, St. Claire’s
forces were beaten soundly by Little Turtle,
chief of the Miami people. Click here
• The people of the Miami.
American victories in the West
• Gen. Anthony Wayne ordered by Washington
to gain control over Native Americans in the
Ohio River Valley.
• Wayne learned about Native American
customs, and about fasting.
• The Battle of fallen Timbers.
• Led a year later to the Treaty of Greenville.
Treaty of Greenville
• Treaty of Greenville opened much of Ohio to
white settlers.
• 12 Indian nations forced of their lands and
given $20,000 worth of goods to split. Treaty
of Greenville
French Revolution
• When King Louis XVI was overthrown,
Americans cheered. France helped America
and their Revolution embodied much of the
same ideals as their own.
• War turned very bloody, by 1793, France was
at war with England.
• America caught in the middle.
French Revolution
• Washington wanted to remain neutral in the
war.
• Enacted a Neutrality Act. America would
remain neutral during the English and French
War.
• Called the Proclamation of Neutrality:
prohibited American citizens from fighting in
the war and barred French and British
warships from American ports.
Success with Spain
• Pinckney’s Treaty: American victories west of
the Appalachians convinced Spain to make
peace. The Spanish gave Americans
unrestricted access to the Mississippi River
and promised to dismantle all forts on
American territory
1796
• Washington will not run for a third term.
• Farewell Address
• Washington sets precedent of the President
serving two terms.
The First Political Parties
• Most Americans thought political parties
would be harmful. Political Parties were not
even mentioned in the Constitution.
• Washington himself denounced political
parties and warned that they would divide the
nation.
• However, by natural processes, people
disagree, align themselves with like minds and
thus the birth of political parties are born.
The Federalists
• Generally, they stood for a vigorous federal
government. They admired Britain, and her
stability, and distrusted France.
• Tended to favor banks and shipping interests.
Received the strongest support in the North
east, especially New England and from
wealthy plantation owners in the South
The Republicans
• Or known as Democratic-Republicans.
• Philip Freneau, began publishing the National
Gazette in Philadelphia.
• Thomas Jefferson helped the newspaper get
started.
• Together, they formed many stances against
the Federalist, notably Alexander Hamilton.
The Republicans
• Republicans wanted to leave as much power
as possible to the state governments. Feared
a strong central government would endanger
people’s liberties.
• Supported the French and condemned what
they regarded as the Washington
administration’s pro-British policies.
Republican’s
• Republican policies appealed to small farmers
and urban workers, especially the Middle
Atlantic states and the South.
The Election of 1796
• Once good friends, now rivals, John Adams
and Thomas Jefferson, ran for office.
• Jefferson ran along with Aaron Burr
• Jefferson had previously resigned as Sec. Of
State.
• Adams ran with Charles Pinckney.
• John Adams defeated Thomas Jefferson, 71
electoral votes to 68 electoral votes.
What is the Electoral College?
• For each representative a state has, that
equals one vote.
• For example, Rhode Island has 2
representatives, therefore 2 electoral votes.
California has 54.
• Where would campaign?
Electoral Map
President John Adams
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1797 – 1801, Federalist
From Massachusetts
Intelligent and great ability
Short in Stature, reserved and somewhat rigid.
The XYZ Affair
• Early in Adams career, he had to deal with the
French and English war. Trying to stay neutral,
• Adams wanted to avoid war with France.
• Charles de Talleyrand sent three agents who
demanded a bribe or a loan for France from
America.
• Adams was furious, giving the French nothing.
XYZ Affair
• Adams referred to the three Frenchmen as X,
Y, Z.
• Alien Act: gave the President power to deport
any alien he felt dangerous. Expired in 1802.
• Sedition Act
• Made it a crime to speak, write or publish
“false, scandalous and malicious” criticisms of
the government.
Adams
• Is this Unconstitutional, 1st amendment,
freedom of speech and freedom of the press.
• Mostly Republican newspaper editors were
arrested. Only Matthew Lyon of Vermont
went to jail. 25 people were arrested
altogether.
Undeclared war with France
• Between 1798 and 1800, America and France
fought a war, sshhhh, don’t tell anyone!
• In all, American Navy ships captured 90 French
warships. No fighting took place on land.
• Peace with France would come to Adams, but
at a cost.
• The Federalist were divided and it opened the
door for the Republicans and Thomas
Jefferson.
The Jefferson Era
• Election of 1800 saw a tie between Thomas
Jefferson and…
• You guessed it, Aaron Burr. Each receiving 73
electoral votes.
• The tie breaker would be determined by the
House, Jefferson won by a single vote, 36-35.
The Jefferson Era
• He was a man of contradiction
• All men are created equal, but he owned
slaves.
• The US should be a nation of small farmers,
but he had a huge estate at Monticello, VA.
The Jefferson Era
• Decreasing the National Debt. He inherited an
$83 million debt.
• Albert Gallatin, Sec. of Treasury.
• Scaled down military expenses.
• Cut army by 1/3.
• Reduced the Navy from 25 to 7 ships.
• Significantly lowered national debt in a couple
of years.
The Jefferson Era
• In 1801, only a few hundred people worked
for the federal government, some part-time.
• He felt the government should deliver the
mail, collect customs/taxes and conduct a
census every 10 years.
The Midnight Judges
• As Adams left office, he appointed hundreds
of people to positions.
• This includes John Marshall as Supreme Court
Justice.
• By doing so, Jefferson was shut-out of naming
his own people to these positions.
The Midnight Judges
• For these last second appointments, they
could not take place until the commissioning
letter had been received.
• When Jefferson took over on March 4, some
hadn’t reached their destination.
• One was to William Marbury.
Marbury vs.. Madison
• William Marbury took his case all the way to
the Supreme Court.
• John Marshall, a Federalist, used an act called
judicial review.
• This was the first time the SC had exercised
the right of the SC to review and rule on the
acts of other branches of gov.’t.
Marbury v Madison
• Marbury v. Madison, 5 U.S. (1 Cranch) 137 (1803) is a landmark
case in United States law and in the history of law worldwide. It formed the basis
for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the
Constitution. It was also the first time in Western history a court invalidated a
law by declaring it "unconstitutional", a process called judicial review.[1][2] The
landmark decision helped define the "checks and balances" of the American form
of government.The case resulted from a petition to the Supreme Court by
William Marbury, who had been appointed by President John Adams as Justice of
the Peace in the District of Columbia but whose commission was not
subsequently delivered. Marbury petitioned the Supreme Court to force
Secretary of State James Madison to deliver the documents, but the Court, with
John Marshall as Chief Justice, denied Marbury's petition without reaching its
merits. From wikipedia.
The Louisiana Purchase
• The area west of the Mississippi in 1800 was
known as the Louisiana Territory.
• It belonged to Spain.
The Louisiana Purchase
• Reasons Spain sold LA territory to USA.
• Troubles with France
• Issue in Santo Domingo
The Louisiana Purchase
• The Louisiana Purchase is considered the
greatest real estate deal in history. The United
States purchased the Louisiana Territory from
France at a price of $15 million, or
approximately four cents an acre. The
ratification of the Louisiana Purchase treaty by
the Senate on October 20, 1803, doubled the
size of the United States and opened up the
continent to its westward expansion.
Lewis & Clark
• Movie Time!
War of 1812
Growth of Industry
• Industrial Growth in America and England.
• By the mid-1700’s, they way goods were made
began to change. First in Great Britain.
• British inventors created machines that could
make clothes, such as spinning machines.
• Machines ran on waterpower.
• Mills were built along rivers and installed
machines in these mills
Growth of Industry
• People left their farms and homes to work in
the mills and earn wages.
• This small phenomenon became known as the
Industrial Revolution.
Industrial Revolution
• Beginning in 1800, appearing first in New
England in such states as Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, Vermont and New
Hampshire.
• Hand-out to discuss
Textile Mill
• Lowell, MA: Francis Cabot Lowell
• Mill launched the factory system.
• Which is a system bringing manufacturing
steps together in one place to increase
efficiency.
• Mills drew about 80% women, unmarried
women, between 15 – 30 yrs of age.
• “Lowell girls”
Interchangeable Parts
• 1798 – Eli Whitney received a contract from
the US government to make 10,000 rifles in 28
months.
• Whitney came up with interchangeable parts.
• The idea was to make large quantities of
uniform pieces that would replace any other
identical piece.
• Wasn’t a success right away.
• Newer machines would be needed to
fabricate the metals to fit precisely.
Agricultural expands
• By 1820, 65% of Americans were farmers.
• In the Northeast, farms tended to be small and
produce locally sold goods.
• Demand for cotton and cotton production increased
dramatically.
• Demand came from Europe and New England
• Cotton gin made it possible to clean the cotton much
faster and more cheaply than by hand.
• From 1790 – 1820, cotton production soared from
3,000 bales p/yr to 300,000 bales p/yr
Birth of Cities
• Growth of factories and trade spurred the
growth of towns and cities, especially in
Northeast America.
• New development = New problems
• What type of problems could have arose from
urban growth?
Birth of Cities
• Over-crowding, unsanitary conditions,
disease, the threat of fire.
• Many cities developed along rivers and
streams due to waterpower.
• Cities such as New York, Boston and Baltimore
became commerce and trade centers
Birth of Cities
• Buildings made of wood or brick. Streets and
sidewalks not paved
• Barnyard animals roamed freely.
• No sewers to carry away dirty water.
• Cholera and yellow fever loomed over city
dwellers
• No organized fire companies, fire spread
quickly.
Birth of cities
• Cities offered a better variety of jobs, more
steady income.
• Added libraries, museums and shops not
available in the countryside
• For many, the advantages outweighed the
disadvantages.
• How might this evolution affect immigration?
Westward Bound
• Steamships, how would this help expand the
country?
• What is a canal? ( DeWitt Clinton)
• Erie Canal, how it was built is interesting
• Erie Canal; how they worked, I’ll tell you!
• By 1840, the US had more than 3,300 miles of
canals, 20 times more than it had in 1817.
Western Settlement
• With western movement, 4 new states were
added between 1791 and 1803. They were
Vermont, Kentucky, Tennessee and Ohio.
Between 1803 and 1816, only Louisiana
became a state.
• Westward movement slowed during the War
of 1812. Why?
• Between 1816 and 1821, 5 new states were
added.
Western Settlement
• They were Indiana, Illinois, Mississippi,
Alabama and Missouri.
• New states represented the dramatic
population growth of the region west of the
Appalachians.
• For example, in Ohio the population from
1800 to 1820 went from 45,000 to 581,000.
Western Settlement
• Pioneers normally migrated as families.
• Communities grew on great rivers. Why?
• People also tended to settle with people from
a former community of likeness. What do I
mean by that?
• Social Events were important to communities
in west.
• Sporting events popular
Western Settlement
• Life was different in west, east had more
amenities or life comforts.
• Moving west meant making a new life for
yourself and family.
• What would encourage a family to move
west?
• Donner Party…
Donner Party
Donner Party
• http://video.pbs.org/video/1401950336/
• Donner Party Video
Donner Party
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The Donner Party Debate
How this works!
Prosecuting team – I will tell you
Defense Team – I will tell you
The trial: Should Lastings W. Hastings be held
criminally responsible for the deaths of 41
persons?
Donner Party
• What is criminal responsibility?
• “Knowing that the act or omission was wrong"implies knowledge
of both legal and moral wrongfulness. "Moral" means according
to societal rather than individual moral code of the accused. It is
insufficient that the individual simply chooses to follow their own
moral dictates when they have the capacity to understand that it
is wrong in the eyes of the law and wrong according to society’s
usual standards. the accused must have the ability to apply that
knowledge rationally. Stephen J. Hucker, MB, BS, FRCP(C), FRCPsych
Donner Party
• What is wrongful death?
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If a person is killed because of the wrongful conduct of a person or persons, the
decedent's heirs and other beneficiaries may file a wrongful death action against
those responsible for the decedent's death. This area of Tort Law is governed by
statute. Wrongful death statutes vary from state to state, but in general they
define who may sue for wrongful death and what, if any, limits may be applied to
an award of damages.Originally, wrongful death statutes were created to provide
financial support for widows and orphans and to motivate people to exercise care
to prevent injuries. A wrongful death action is separate and apart from criminal
charges, and neither proceeding affects nor controls the other. This means that a
defendant acquitted of murder may be sued in a civil action by the victim's family
for wrongful death.
legal dictionary
MLK
• "And it must follow, as the night the day,
thou canst not then be false to any man".
(Hamlet Quote Act I, Scene III).”
• "This above all: to thine own self be true"
Hamlet quote (Act I, Sc. III).
Corrupt Bargain
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Election of 1824:
Andrew Jackson
William H. Crawford
John Quincy Adams
This election marked the end of the
Republican-Federalist political framework.
• 5 Democratic Republicans ran for presidency.
• 3 are listed above
Corrupt Bargain
• Outcome of 1824 was very close.
• Andrew Jackson had won the electoral college,
he was also the hero of the War of 1812.
• He had 99 votes
• John Q. Adams, son of John Adams, finished
2nd with 84 votes. Adams was also James
Monroe’s Secretary of State.
• Crawford had 41 votes.
• Who should win?
Corrupt Bargain
• Jackson had won a narrow victory, gaining
43% of the popular vote. Adams had 30%
• However, Jackson would not be seated as the
next President.
• WHAT!!
• Because no one had received a majority of
votes in the electoral college, the House of
Rep. had to choose between the top to
candidates.
Corrupt Bargain
• Henry Clay was the Speaker of the House. He
to was a candidate for President in 1824.
• Clay also had some of the strongest attacks
against Jackson.
• Do you think they were friends?
• Rather than give the Presidency to the man he
detested. Clay forged the Kentuckian-New
England coalition. This secured the White
House for Adams.
Corrupt Bargain
• As chance would have it, Henry Clay was
named Sec. of State under Adams. This
position had become a stepping stone to the
Presidency. The previous 4 Presidents had
held this position before becoming President.
• What is a stepping stone?
• Who is the Secretary of State today?
Corrupt Bargain
• Arrangement hardly proved beneficial for
either Adams or Clay.
• Jacksonians quickly called this the “?” anyone?
• To Jackson and his supporters, the Clay-Adams
alliance symbolized a corrupt system where
elite insiders pursued their own interests
without heeding the will of the people.
Corrupt Bargain
• The Jacksonians, of course, overstated this.
• He championed himself as the voice of the
common man and by doing so furthered the
democratization of American politics.
Spoils System
• Jacksonian Democracy showed its face on
inauguration day when crowds of celebrating
supporters stormed theWhite House. Muddy
boots trampled the fine carpeting, crystal and
china were shattered, and all the food and
drink were quickly consumed. Disapproving
National Republicans spoke fearfully about the
accession of “King Mob.” (from u-shistory.com)
Spoils System
Spoils System
• Spoils System refers to the conferral of office
on people based upon political concerns
rather than fitness for office.
• Further expression of increased
democratization in American politics – one
need not be a member of the elite in order to
govern
Spoils System
• When Jackson took office, he wanted to do
nothing more than punish his opponents and
rid the government of those who represented
the financial interests of New England.
• Secretary of State: Martin Van Buren
• Secretary of War: John Eaton
• Jackson replaced less than 20% of federal
office holders. This was about standard as it
refers to his predecessors.
Spoils System
• However Jackson’s motivation for doing so
was much more political.
• Senator William L. Marcy, a Jackson supporter
is credited with saying “To the victor go the
spoils.”
• The spoils system remained an important part
of the political landscape until civil service
reforms took action near the end of the
century.
Jackson’s Kitchen cabinet
• Jackson did not draw wisdom from his official
cabinet as much as he would confer with his
friends, who came to be known as the
“kitchen cabinet”