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Battle for Reform & The Progressives The Wheels of Change are in Motion… Progressivism Progressive Impulse – believed society was capable of change, and it was the duty of the rich and middle class to bring about reform as well as government Said that laissez faire, Darwinism, and other natural laws were not fit to rule a society of people: causes class division Varieties: Antimonopoly – anti laissez faire Social cohesion: humans are not alone, but are webbed into greater society that makes us responsible for welfare of others We should be helping the unfortunate: women, children, immigrants, poor, sick, handicapped Believed that government must take an ACTIVE role in people’s lives in order to maintain order and humanity Progressivism Muckrakers – target trusts, boss “rule”, Railroad, environment… Crusading journalists designed to bring out the corruption of the age Ida Tarbell on Standard Oil, Upton Sinclair on The Jungle, The Shame of the Cities on the poor Jacob Riis – How the Other Half Lives Social Gospel Religious backing for social reform – Salvation Army All humans should try to allow evolution of the species, not the individual Progressivism Settlement Houses Geared towards poor and immigrants Brought about assimilation Jane Addams: Hull House College, white, Christian women were at lead of movement Brought about profession of social work Society could be managed scientifically to ensure success: sociology Professions Colleges and grad schools gave way to professional class Education stressed for professionalism 1901: AMA established – regulate all medical procedure Johns Hopkins was first medical school – out of classroom, into labs 1916: National Bar Association established for lawyers Women and Professions By 1900, women were admitted to medical schools Settlement houses, social work, and teaching were seen as acceptable for women of middle class- joined clubs to assist Progressives Nursing also established as profession with standards Women & Reform “New” Women Children went to schools by now during day, so women took over domestic duties of home Convenient appliances allowed for women to have more time for activities Marriage rates dropped, especially for educated women Companionate marriages Clubwomen Middle and upper class women Called for temperance, anti-lynching Female centered in male dominated world Reforms include: education, prohibition, food and drug regulation, Indian assimilation, urban housing, and later, birth control Women’s Trade Union League: female rights in workplace Women & Suffrage Argued natural rights Said that voting would not challenge roles as wives and mothers Anna Shaw and Carrie Catt led the National American Woman Suffrage Association Women would restore order to politics and end corruption Working class, immigrant and Black women mostly supported By 1910, California allowed vote 1920 – 19th amendment Alice Paul: National Woman’s Party – Wanted a constitutional amendment (Equal Rights Amendment) that would protect women from all discrimination Most don’t support the ERA and it was never passed Assault on Parties – All Are Corrupt! Early attacks Municipal Reform Secret ballots used to help get rid of intimidation at polls Progressives hated the Machine. BUT most working class favored machines b/c of the services/protections they provided Reformers gained political strength going after workers in ‘vice’ industries New Forms of Governance Municipal Reform - remove city government from hands of big political party Home rule: allow people of community to run themselves Assault on Parties – All Are Corrupt! Statehouse Progressivism Initiative: proposals will be given directly to voters, not the political ‘middle man’ Referendum – actions of legislature could be overturned by the voters Direct Primary and Recall: direct elections and can take someone out of office using a special election if needed Robert La Follette: elected governor of Wisconsin, and put all progressive forms into action 17th Amendment – direct election of senator in 1913 Interest Groups Voter turnout continued to decline in 20th Century Interest groups formed, designed to pressure the government and officials to vote certain ways Sources of Reform Labor and Machines Child labor and working conditions are at front of battle Triangle Shirtwaist Company fire: emergency exits blocked changed working conditions and fire regulations Western Progressives Blacks and Reforms Booker T. Washington – Calls for immediate self-improvement WEB DuBois Wanted college education for all blacks Niagara Movement and NAACP – EQUAL rights using federal courts as protection Crusades Temperance Alcohol seen as root of violence, rape, marital beating, loss of jobs, public behavior that was unacceptable… 1873 – Women’s Christian Temperance Union – Publicized the evils of drinking WWI was last push needed, and in 1919, 18th Amendment was Added (Prohibition,) also called the Volstead Act Woman’s Christian Temperance Union and Anti Saloon League had contributed to victory Immigration Restriction – Usually supported by Progressives Eugenics was considered: forced sterilization of inferior peoples Protecting the purity of the Nordic races was brought up: no Mongrels Many saw immigration as needed (cheap labor,) but WWI, the Red Scare and the ‘Hun’ movement, nativists would have their way Challenging Capitalism Socialism Socialist Party, led by Eugene Debs – strong with Germans and Jews, and Protestant farmers Industrial Workers of the World, known as Wobblies – IWW advocated the use of a single union Decentralization Louis Brandeis, Other People’s Money – gov’t must regulate competition Will inspire Theodore Roosevelt with anti-trust legislation Teddy Roosevelt Accidental President 42, ‘damned cowboy,’ rancher, Rough Rider hero Government Capital and Labor Urged regulation, but not destruction, of the trusts Department of Commerce and Labor- allowed to probe businesses engaged in interstate commerce and used to trust bust 1902 – ordered that the Sherman Anti Trust act be put into effect against Northern Securities Company – Supreme Court ruled NSC must be dissolved Policies towards labor: seen as middle man of strikers and management Believed informing the public could change things Teddy Roosevelt Regulation of food, drug, railroads, and union – Pure Food and Drug Act, Meat Inspection Act Believes in anti-trust: oil, tobacco, steel, beef all broken up Saw coal strike as a business going against what was good for the nation to pursue their own money Mediated talks Unions and bosses must compromise, maybe with help of government Sherman Anti Trust Act vs. Northern Securities – becomes a ‘Trust Buster’ sets aside land for conservation and resources NATIONAL PARK SERVICE Teddy Roosevelt THE SQUARE DEAL 1904 campaign seen as roughly in inconvenience to Roosevelt Said he worked coal strike to make sure everyone got a ‘square deal’ 3 Cs – Control of Corporations, Consumer protections, Conservation of US’s natural resources Asked Congress for more power to oversee the RR rates – Hepburn RR Regulation Act of 1906 (restricted free passes of RR) Cracked down on 40 trusts – beef, sugar, fertilizer, harvester trusts Pure Food and Drug Act Meat Inspection Act Wanted to regulate stock market 8 hour day, worker’s compensation, income taxes Teddy Roosevelt CONSERVATION – sees it as government’s responsibility PRESERVATION – influenced by Pinchot Saw U.S. as exploiting her natural resources American conservation movement – manage development and make sure land is protected Newlands Act – gave money for construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in West National Park System - Yellowstone, Yosemite, Mt. Rainier Panic of 1907 Banking system and stock market unregulated – main cause of panic Ultimately alienated conservatives in Roosevelt’s Republican party – leads leads to Roosevelt NOT running for 3rd term Aldrich Vreeland Act – authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral ROOSEVLET & JOHN MUIR IN YOSEMITE Teddy Roosevelt CONSERVATION – sees it as government’s responsibility PRESERVATION – influenced by Pinchot Saw U.S. as exploiting her natural resources American conservation movement – manage development and make sure land is protected Newlands Act – gave money for construction of dams, reservoirs, and canals in West National Park System - Yellowstone, Yosemite, Mt. Rainier Panic of 1907 Banking system and stock market unregulated – main cause of panic Ultimately alienated conservatives in Roosevelt’s Republican party – leads leads to Roosevelt NOT running for 3rd term Aldrich Vreeland Act – authorized national banks to issue emergency currency backed by various kinds of collateral Teddy Roosevelt & Big Stick Policy Roosevelt & Civilization “Speak softly, but carry a big stick” Civilized vs uncivilized – it was our duty to regulate backward nations Monroe and Corollary ideology Open Door Protection When Japanese attacked Russians in Manchurian harbor to gain control of trade, Roosevelt stepped in and acted as middle man to resolve conflict Won him the Noble Peace Prize in 1906 Great White Fleet sent by Roosevelt to ensure that the Japanese would not squeeze us out of trade in Asia – after a gentlemen’s agreement Teddy Roosevelt & Big Stick Policy Iron Fisted Neighbor Germany wanted to establish permanent base in Venezuela Leads to Roosevelt Corollary - enforces the Monroe Doctrine, and says US has the right to intervene in foreign and domestic affairs of Latin American nations when their actions do not promote stability US would take over and pay off debts, thus keeping Europeans on other side of Atlantic Enforced the Platt Amendment in Cuba Teddy Roosevelt & Big Stick Policy Panama Canal John Hay made agreement with Colombian officials that US would begin construction of canal for 10 million Colombians countered with 20 million Engineer to the canal, Philippe Bunau Varilla, organized a revolution in Panama…then, U.S. said Panama was now independent from Colombian rule, and we started digging Many Americans and Panamanians died of yellow fever Finally opened in 1914 Some More Diplomacy Dollar Diplomacy Extend foreign investments into less developed regions (Latin America) Otherwise, trade might be weakened by outside influences Morality Moral Diplomacy – vowed never to recognize a government that was made of ‘butchers’ Huerta establishes military dictatorship in Mexico, and Wilson decides to intervene 126 Americans killed in Veracruz Wilson also orders execution Pancho Villa Mexican revolution overshadowed by WWI Troubled Secession Taft, who had support of Roosevelt, easily won over William Jennings Bryan Taft and Progressives – not as Progressive as many had hoped… Payne Aldrich Tariff - reduced tariff rates hardly at all Taft makes conservative corporate lawyer, Richard Ballinger, the secretary of the interior Return of Roosevelt Furious with Taft, returns from Africa, and decides to run again eventually – speaking tour as strategy to get word out New Nationalism = strong federal government was only solution to corruption – graduated income tax, workers comp, child and women’s labor regulation and tariff revision Troubled Secession Insurgency Democrats gained control of House once again, and made gains in Senate ROOSVELT vs. TAFT - 1912 Roosevelt for Progressives vs. Taft for Conservatives Roosevelt opposed Taft of anti-trust suits because he felt it reflected poorly on his own presidency Bull Moose party – 3rd party ticket because Roosevelt lost Republican nomination Wilson won on Democratic ticket Eugene Debs won 900,000 votes for socialism! Woodrow Wilson & New Freedom Wilson – not fan of compromise! New Freedom, governor of New Jersey, doctor, wanted to destroy the monopoly system, not regulate it Wanted to attack the triple wall of privilege: tariffs, banks, and trusts Scholar Lowered the protective tariff: Underwood Simmons Tariff – would introduce competition into American markets, thus making it harder for the monopolies to maintain control Federal Reserve Act – created 12 regional banks which would issue paper currency and regulate the currency system in general Federal Trade Commission – made companies accountable for all practices and held to standards from government Woodrow Wilson & New Freedom Wilson at work Clayton Anti-trust act – extension of Sherman – legalized strikes Federal Farm Loan Act – credit available to farmers at low rates of interests Warehouse act – permitted loans on the security of staple crops Adamson Act – 8-hour work day with overtime comp. Did not really fight for Black rights Jones Act – full territorial status to the Philippines and promised independence as soon as a stable gov’t could be established Buys Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917 Retreat and Advance Did not support women’s suffrage Made Louis Brandeis first Jewish Supreme Court justice Supported Keating Own Act – regulates all child labor laws
