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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 13
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Blood
 The only fluid tissue in the human body

thicker than water
 Classified as a
 Living cells =
 Non-living matrix = plasma (
elements
% water)
 Fibers are only visible during
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Slide
Physical Characteristics of Blood
 Color range
 Oxygen-rich blood is scarlet red
 Oxygen-poor blood is dull
 pH must remain between 7.35–
 Respiratory sys. and kidneys regulate pH
 Slightly
 Blood temperature is slightly
body temperature
 5-6 Liters or about 6
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than
/body
Slide 10.2
Blood
Figure 10.1
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Slide
Blood Plasma
 Composed of approximately 90
percent water – makes 45% of
blood volume
 Includes many dissolved
 Nutrients, Salts (
ions)
 Respiratory
 Hormones
 Proteins,
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products
Slide 10.3
Plasma Proteins
A
pressure
– regulates osmotic
 Clotting proteins – help to stem blood
loss when a blood vessel is
 Antibodies – help protect the body from
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Slide 10.4
Formed Elements
E
= red blood cells
(heaviest blood cells, make hematocrit
42-47% of whole blood)
 Leukocytes =
blood cells
 Platelets = cell fragments
 (Leukocytes and Platelets = about
blood volume)
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% of
Slide
yright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Slide 10.5b
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Slide 10.5c
Erythrocytes (Red Blood Cells)
 The main function is to carry oxygen in
hemoglobin
 Anatomy of circulating erythrocytes
 Biconcave
 Essentially
of hemoglobin
 Anucleate (no nucleus)
 Contain very few organelles
 Outnumber
 3.5 – 4.5 million/mm3
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blood cells 1000:1
Slide 10.6
Hemoglobin

-containing protein
 Binds strongly, but reversibly, to oxygen
 Each hemoglobin molecule has
oxygen binding sites
 Each erythrocyte has
hemoglobin molecules
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million
Slide 10.7
Leukocytes (White Blood Cells)
 Crucial in the body’s defense against
 These are complete cells, with a
nucleus and
 Able to move into and out of
vessels (diapedesis)
 Can respond to chemicals released by
tissues
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Slide 10.8
Leukocyte Levels in the Blood
 Normal levels =4,000 to
cells/ml
 Abnormal leukocyte levels
 Leukocytosis
 Above 11,000 leukocytes/ml
 Generally indicates an
 Leukopenia
 Abnormally low
 Commonly caused by certain drugs
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level
Slide 10.9
Types of Leukocytes
 Granulocytes
G
in
their cytoplasm
can be stained
 Include n
,e
and b
,
Figure 10.4
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Slide
Types of Leukocytes
 Agranulocytes
 Lack visible
cytoplasmic
 Include
lymphocytes and
Figure 10.4
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Slide
Granulocytes (WBC)
N
Leukocytes
- most numerous
 Multilobed nucleus with fine g
 Act as phagocytes at active sites of infection
E
 Large brick-
cytoplasmic granules
 Found in repsonse to
parasitic worms
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and
Slide
Granulocytes
 Basophils – least numerous l
 Have histamine-containing granules
 Initiate
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Slide
Agranulocytes
 Lymphocytes
 Nucleus fills most of the cell – wbc formed
in
 Play an important role in the
response
 Monocytes
 Largest of the
blood cells
 Function as macrophages
 Important in fighting chronic
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Slide
Platelets
 Derived from
cells (megakaryocytes)
multinucleate
 Needed for the clotting
 Normal platelet count =
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/mm3
Slide
Hematopoiesis – Blood Cell
Formation
 Occurs in
bone marrow
 All blood cells are derived from a
common
cell (hemocytoblast)
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Slide
Fate of Erythrocytes
 Unable to divide, grow, or synthesize
 Wear out in 100 to
days
 When worn out, are eliminated by
phagocytes in the
or liver
 Lost cells are replaced by division of
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Slide
Hemostasis
 Stoppage of
 Result of a
in a blood vessel
 Hemostasis involves three phases
P
V
C
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Slide
1. Vessel
2. Vascular
, blood loss
.

3. Platelet plug forms
4. C


Platelet Plug Formation
 Collagen fibers are exposed by a break
in a b
 Platelets become “sticky” and cling to
 Anchored platelets release chemicals to
attract more p
 Platelets pile up to form a platelet p
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Slide
Vascular Spasms
 Anchored platelets release
 Serotonin causes blood vessel muscles
to s
 Spasms narrow the blood vessel,
decreasing
loss
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Slide
Coagulation
 Injured tissues release t
 PF3 (a phospholipid) interacts with
thromboplastin, blood protein clotting
factors, and calcium ions to trigger a
cascade
 Prothrombin activator converts
prothrombin to thrombin (an
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)
Slide
Coagulation, cont.
 Thrombin joins fibrinogen proteins into
hair-like f
 Fibrin forms a meshwork
(the basis for a c
)
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Slide
Blood Clotting
 Blood usually clots within 3 to 6 minutes
 The clot remains as endothelium
 The clot is broken down after tissue
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Slide
Undesirable Clotting
 Thrombus
 A clot in an unbroken
 Can be deadly in areas like the heart
 Embolus
 A thrombus that
away and
floats freely in the bloodstream
 Can later clog vessels in critical areas such
as the
Slide
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Bleeding Disorders
 Thrombocytopenia (caused by viruses,
medications)
P
deficiency
 Even normal movements can cause
bleeding from small blood vessels that
require platelets for c
 Hemophilia
 Hereditary b
disorder
 Normal clotting factors are m
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Slide
Blood Groups and Transfusions
 Large losses of blood have s
consequences
 Loss of 15 to 30 percent causes
 Loss of over 30 percent causes shock,
which can be f
 Transfusions are the only way to
replace blood q
 Transfused blood must be of the s
blood group
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Slide
Human Blood Groups
 Blood contains genetically determined
 A foreign protein (
) may be
attacked by the immune system
 Blood is “typed” by using antibodies
that will cause blood with certain
proteins to (agglutination)
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Slide
Human Blood Groups
 There are over 30 common red blood
cell
 The most vigorous transfusion reactions
are caused by ABO and
blood group
antigens
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Slide
ABO Blood Groups
 Based on the presence or absence of two
antigens
 Type A
 Type
 The lack of these antigens is called
type
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Slide
Blood Types Determine Blood
Compatibility
Figure 7.11
ABO Blood Groups
 The presence of both A and B is called
type
 The presence of either A or B is called
types A and B, respectively
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Slide
Rh Blood Groups
 Named because of the presence or
absence of one of eight Rh antigens
(agglutinogen D)
 Most Americans are
 Problems can occur in mixing Rh+ blood
into a body with Rh–
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Slide
Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
 Danger is only when the mother is Rh–
and the father is Rh+, and the child
inherits the
factor
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Slide
Rh Dangers During Pregnancy
 The
of an Rh– mother
carrying an Rh+ baby can cause
problems for the unborn child
 The first pregnancy usually proceeds
problems
 The immune system is sensitized after the first
pregnancy
 In a second pregnancy, the mother’s immune
system produces
to attack the
Rh+ blood (hemolytic disease of the newborn)
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Slide
Blood Typing
 Blood samples are mixed with anti-A
and anti-B
 Coagulation or no coagulation leads
to determining
 Typing for
and Rh factors is
done in the same manner
 Cross matching – testing for
agglutination of donor RBCs by the
recipient’s
, and vice
versa
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Slide
What Is Anemia?
Anemia (uh-NEE-me-eh) is a condition in which your
blood has a
than normal number of red blood
cells. This condition also can occur if your red blood cells
don’t contain enough hemoglobin. Hemoglobin is an ironrich protein that gives blood its red color. This protein
helps red blood cells carry oxygen from the
to the
rest of the body.
If you have anemia, your body doesn’t get enough
-rich blood. As a result, you may feel tired and have other
symptoms. With severe or long-lasting anemia, the lack of
oxygen in the blood can damage the heart, brain, and
other organs of the body. Very severe anemia may even
cause
.