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UPPER LIMB

Introduction
 Organization
 Function
By: Dr. Mujahid Khan
BREAST
Introduction:
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Breasts are specialized accessory glands
Secrete milk
Present in both sexes
Similar in males and immature females
Anatomy of Breast
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Has nipples
Surrounded by a colored area of skin
“Areola”
Consist of a system of ducts embedded in
connective tissue
At Puberty
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Gradually enlarge
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Assume their hemispherical shape
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Under the influence of ovarian hormones
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The ducts elongate in size
Extension
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Base extends from 2nd to the 6th ribs
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From lateral margin of sternum to
midaxillary line
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Greater part of a gland lies in superficial
fascia
Axillary Tail
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Extends upward and laterally
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Pierces the deep fascia at the lower
border of pectoralis major muscle
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Then enters the axilla
Formation
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Each breast consists of 15-20 lobes which
radiate out from the nipple
The main duct from each lobe opens
separately on the summit of the nipple
called Ampulla
Base of nipple is surrounded by AREOLA
Tiny tubercles on the areola produced by
the underlying areolar glands
Fibrous Septa
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Lobes of the glands are separated by
fibrous septa
Are well developed in the upper part of the
gland
Extend from skin to the deep fascia
Serve as a suspensory ligament
Retromammary Space
These are the connective tissues which
separate the breasts from the deep fascia
covering the underlying muscles
Young & Old
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Breasts tend to protrude forward from a
circular base in young women
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They tend to be pendulous in older women
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They reach their maximum size during
lactation
Blood Supply
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Perforating branches of the internal
thoracic artery and the intercostal arteries
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Axillary artery via lateral thoracic and
thoracoacromial branches
Lymph Drainage
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Important clinically because of frequent
development of a cancer
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Subsequent dissemination of the
malignant cells along the lymph vessels to
the lymph nodes
Division
Breast is divided into 4 quadrants for lymph
drainage
The lateral quadrants of the breast drain into
the anterior axillary or pectoral group of
lymph nodes
The medial quadrants drain by means of
vessels that pierce the intercostal spaces
and enter the internal thoracic group of
nodes