Download CHARACTERISTIC OF INDUSTRIAL WASTE-1

CHARACTERISTICS OF
INDUSTRIAL WASTE
Physical
Characteristics
Chemical
Characteristics
Organic Matter
Biological
Characteristics
Inorganic Matter
Measurement of
Organic Compound
Toxicity
nutrients
Priority
pollutant
Refractory
organics
pathogens
Biodegradable
organics
Heavy
metals
WW
constituents
Suspended solid
Dissolved
inorganics
Total Solids
Odors
PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
Turbidity
Temperature
Color
Sludge is solids
removed from WW
during treatment.
Solids that are
treated further are
term biosolids
TS content
Floating matter
Total Solids (TS)
Settleable matter
Colloidal matter
Matter in solution
Solid classification
Total Solids (TS)
• Mass remaining after a WW sample has been evaporated at 103–105 C
Total Suspended Solids (TSS)
• Mass remaining on Whatman GF/C after drying at 105 C
• After WW sample has been filtered, the preweighted filter paper is
placed in an aluminium dish for drying before weighing.
Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)
• Solid that pass through the filter, & are then evaporated at specific temp.
• Contains a high fraction of colloidal solids.
Volatile Suspended Solids (VSS)
• Solid that can be volatilized & burned off when the TSS are ignited at
500  50C.
Please refer Table 2-4 in your textbook(Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
The following test results were obtained for a WW sample at the headwork to a
WW-treatment plant. All of the tests were performed using a sample size of 50
mL. Determine the concentration of total solids(TS), total suspended solids
(TSS), volatile suspended solids (VSS), and total dissolved solids (TDS). The
samples used in the solid analysis were all either evaporated, dried or ignited to
constant weight.
Tare mass of evaporating dish = 53.5433 g
Mass of evaporating dish + residue after evaporation at 105oC = 53.5794 g
Mass of evaporating dish + residue after ignition at 550oC = 53.5625 g
Tare mass of Whatman GF/C filter after drying at 105oC = 1.5433 g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after drying at 105oC = 1.5554 g
Mass of Whatman GF/C filter + residue after ignition at 550oC = 1.5476 g
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)
a)
TS 
Determine TS
(mass of evaporating dish  residue, g) - (mass of evaporating dish, g)
Sample size, L
[(53.5794  53.5433) g ](103 mg / g )
TS 
 722mg / L
0.050L
b)
Determine TSS
TS 
(Residue on filter after drying, g) - (tare mass of filter after drying, g)
Sample size, L
[(1.5554  1.5433) g ](103 mg / g )
TS 
 242mg / L
0.050L
c)
VSS 
Determine VSS
(Residue on filter after drying, g) - (residue on filter after ignition , g)
Sample size, L
[(1.5554  1.5476)) g ](103 mg / g )
VSS 
 156mg / L
0.050L
d)
Determine TDS
TDS  TS - TSS  722 - 242  480 mg/L
A measure of the light-transmitting properties
of water due to the presence of colloidal &
residual suspended matter
Turbidity
Measurement based on comparison of the
intensity of light scattered by a sample to the
light scattered by a reference suspension
under the same conditions.
Unit
Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU)
Colloidal matter will scatter or absorb light
and this prevent its transmission.
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
Refer to degree of absorption of light energy
in visible spectrumm (400 – 700 nm)
Fresh WW color
lightlight brownish-gray
Color
Then changes to gray, dark gray & black
color due to the formation of metallic sulfide
(sulfide
produced
under
anaerobic
conditions)
When the color of the WW is black, the WW
is often described as septic
Temp. of WW >>Temp. of local water supply
due to the addition of warm water from
households and industrial activities.
Very important because of its effect on
light
chemical reaction & reaction
rates, aquatic life
& suitability of the water for the beneficial uses
Temperature
At high temp.
Foster the growth of
undesirable water plants
& WW fungus
O2 is less soluble in warm water
High mortality rate of aquatic life
Increase in rate of biochemical reactions, thus decrease the
quantity of oxygen present in surface waters.
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
Odors
Effect of odors
Caused by gases produced by the
of organic matter or by substance added to the
decomposition of organic matter or by
WW.
substance added to the WW.
Industrial
WW
may
contain
odorous
light that produce odors
compounds or compounds
during the process of WW treatment.
Vomitting
Caused poor appetite for food
H2S toxic at elevated
concentration
Lowered water consumption
High mortality
rateconcentration
of aquatic life
Can create psychological stress on human
being at low
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
Inorganic
matter
Chemical
Characteristics
Measurement of
organic compound
Organic
matter
Most of water contain
light cause by
Amount presence
Chlorides
Natural source:Leaching of chloridecontaining rocks and soil with which the
water comes in contact
Pollution from sea water/ agricultural/
industrial/ domestic WW
Chloride conc. > 250 mg/L
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
(Davis & Cornwell, 2008)
noticeable taste
Domestic water should contain < 100 mg/L
chloride
Essential to the growth of microorganisms,
plants & animals (known as nutrients)
Because of N2 is an essential building block in
the synthesis of protein,
light N2 data will be
required to evaluate the treatability of WW by
biological processes.
Nitrogen
Insufficient N2 can necessitate the addition of
N2 to make the waste treatable.
Where control of algal growths in the
receiving water is necessary, removal or
reduction of N2 in WW prior to discharge may
be desirable.
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2003)
Total N2 is comprised
ammonia, nitrite & nitrate
of
organic
N2,
Phosphorus is also essential to the growth of
light
algae and other biological organisms.
Phosphorus
Orthophosphate
Forms of Phosphorus
•Should be controlled
•Municipal WW – 4-16 mg/L
Polyphosphate
Organic Phosphate
required in the synthesis
light of protein, released in
their degradation
Sulfur
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)
Sulfate is reduced biologically under
anaerobic conditions to sulfide, which in turn
can combine with hydrogen to form hydrogen
sulfide (H2S).
The accumulated H2S can then be oxidized
biologically to sulfuric acid, which is corrosive
to steel pipes and equipment.
 Common gases in WW – N2, O2, CO2, H2S, NH3 and CH4
H2S
Formed by anaerobic decomposition of organic
light or from reduction of
matter containing sulfur
mineral sulfites and sulfates
Is toxic
The principal byproduct from the anaerobic
decomposition for thelight
organic matter in WW
Methane
Is a colorless, odorless & combustible in
lightvalue
hydrocarbon of high fuel
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)
The trace quantities of many metals such as
cadmium (Cd), cronium (Cr), Copper (Cu),
Iron (Fe), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg),
manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni) & zinc (Zn) are
important constituents of most waters.
Many of these metals are classified as priority
pollutants
Metals
Most of these metals are necessary for growth
of biological life (absence of sufficient
quantities of them could limit growth of algae)
Are toxic in excessive quantities.
Refer Table 2-14 and 2-15 in textbook for source of heavy metals and discharge
limits
Ref: (Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)
Protein
(40 – 60 %)
Carbohydrates
(25 – 50 %)
Fats & oil
(8 – 12 %%)
Principle group
Organic compounds
Small amount
Surfactants
Volatile organic
compounds
Pesticides
Origin in WW from
vegetables fats & oil.
Oil &
grease
butter,
margarine,
They also obtained nuts, cereals & some fruits.
They float & interfere with biological treatment
process & also cause maintenance problem.
Surfactants
Surfactants or surface-active agents are large
organic molecules, slightly soluble in WW &
cause foaming in WW treatment plants
Priority pollutants were selected on the basis of
their known or suspected carcinogenicity,
mutagenicity, or high acute toxicity.
Priority
Pollutants
Many of the organic priority pollutants
classified as volatile compounds (VOCs)
are
VOCs
Organic compounds that have a boiling point
≤ 100 C and/or a vapor pressure > 1mm Hg
at 25C are generally considered to be VOCs
(e.g. vinyl chloride)
Are great concern because:
Once such compounds are in the vapor state are much more
mobile, therefore more likely to be released to the environment.
The presence of some of these compound in atmosphere may pose a
significant public health risk
They contribute to a general increase in reactive hydrocarbons in the
atmosphere, which can lead to the formation of photochemically oxidants.
Pesticides
Are toxic to many organism and can be
significant contaminants of surface waters.
The analysis used to measure aggregate organic material may be
divided into 2;
To measure gross conc. of organic substance greater than 1.0 mg/L
To measure trace conc. in the range of 10-12 to 100 mg/L
Laboratory methods commonly used today to measure gross amounts
of organic matter (typically greater than 1mg/L) in wastewater include;
Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
Chemical oxygen demand (COD)
Total organic carbon (TOC)
Complementing of these laboratory tests is the theoretical oxygen demand
(ThOD), which is determined from the chemical formula of the organic
matter.
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)
The most widely used parameter of organic pollution
5-day BOD (BOD5) – involved the measurement of the dissolved oxygen used
by microorganisms in the biochemical oxidation of
organic matter.
BOD test results are used to;
Determine the appropriate quantity of oxygen that will be required to
biologically stabilize the organic matter present.
Measure the efficiency of some treatment process
Determine the size of waste treatment facilities.
Determine compliance with wastewater discharge permits.
BOD at 20oC for 5 days is used as standard test (measure after 5 days in
incubation at 20oC).
Use bacteria to oxidize biodegradable organic in wastewater sample after
incubation.
BOD can be calculates by measuring DO before & after incubation.
(Metcalf and Eddy, 2004)
 when the dilution water is not seeded (e.g. untreated WW);
BOD (mg/L) = D1 – D2
P
 when the dilution water is seeded;
BOD (mg/L) = (D1-D2)- (B1 – B2) f
P
where,
D1 = dissolved oxygen of diluted sample immediately after preparation (mg/L)
D2 =dissolved oxygen of diluted sample after 5days incubation at 20oC (mg/L)
B1 = dissolved oxygen of seed control before incubation (mg/L)
B2 = dissolved oxygen of seed control after incubation (mg/L)
f = fraction of seeded dilution water volume in sample to seeded dilution
water volume in control
P = fraction of WW sample volume used to total combined volume
Calculation of BOD
The following information is available for a seeded 5-day BOD test
conducted on a wastewater sample. 15mL of the waste sample was
added directly into 300mL incubation bottle. The initial DO of the
diluted sample was 8.8mg/L and the final DO after 5 days was 1.9mg/L.
The corresponding initial and final DO of the seeded dilution water
was 9.1 and 7.9 respectively. What is the 5-day BOD (BOD5) of the
wastewater sample?
BOD5 
( D1  D2 )  ( B1  B2 ) f
P
(8.8  1.9)  (9.1  7.9)0.95

0.05
f = [(300-15) / 300] = 0.95
P = 15/300 = 0.05
Ans : 115.2 mg/L
is assumed to obey first-order kinetics
dBOD r
 k1 BOD r
dt
Integrating between the limits of UBOD &
BODt and t=0 and t=t,
ln[BOD r / UBOD ]  k1t
BOD r
 e  k1t
UBOD
BODr  UBOD(ek1t )
Where,
BODr =
amount of waste remaining at time t (days) expressed in oxygen
equivalents (mg/L)
k1
= first-order reaction rate constant (1/d)
UBOD = total @ ultimate carbonaceous BOD (mg/L)
t
= time (d)
BODt  UBOD  BODr  UBOD  UBOD(ek1t )  UBOD(1  ek1t )
BODt  UBOD (1  e k1t )
Typical value of k1 for untreated WW = 0.23d-1
To determine the reaction constant , k at Temp. other than 20oC,
kT  k20 T 20
  1.056
  1.135
  1.047
(T = 20 to 30oC)
(T = 4 to 20oC)
(often quoted in literature)
Calculation of BOD
Determine the 1-day BOD and ultimate first-stage BOD for a wastewater whose
5-day 20oC BOD is 200 mg/L. The reaction constant k (base e)=0.23d-1. What
would have been the 5-day BOD if the test had been conducted at 25oC?
Ans : UBOD = 293 mg/L,
BOD1=60.1 mg/L
BOD5=224 mg/L
a) Determine the UBOD
b) Determine the 1-day BOD
c) Determine the 5-d BOD at 25 C
• Solution:
1) Determine the ultimate carbonaceous BOD
BOD5  UBOD  BOD r  UBOD (1  e  k1t )
200  UBOD (1  e 5 x 0.23 )  UBOD (1  0.36 )
UBOD  293 mg / L
2) Determine the 1-day BOD
BODt  UBOD (1  e k1t )
BOD1  293 (1  e 0.23x1 )  293 (1  0.795 )  60 .1mg / L
3) Determine the 5-day BOD at 25°C
k12 5  0.23(1.047 ) 25 20  0.29 d 1
BOD 5  293 (1  e 0.29 x 5 )  224 mg / L

A high concentration of active, acclimated seed
bacteria is required.

Pretreatment is needed when dealing with toxic
wastes, and the effects of nitrifying organisms must
be reduced.
 Only the biodegradable organics are measured.
 The test does not have stoichiometric validity after
the soluble organic matter present in solution has
been used.
 Long period of time is required to obtain results.
To measure the oxygen equivalent of the organic
material
in WW
thatorcan
be oxidized
chemically
using
of organic
matter
by substance
added
to the WW.
strong chemical agent (dichromate in an acid solution)
COD
2
(Cn H a Ob N c )  dCr2 07  (8d  c) H   nCO2 
where d 
2n a b c
  
3 6 3 2
Higher than
UBOD
because
Advantage:
COD test can be
completed in 2.5 h
a  8d  3c
H 2O  cNH 4  2dCr 3
2
Many organic substances can be oxidized
chemically compared to oxidized biologically
(Example: lignin)
Inorganic substances that are oxidized by the
dichromate increase the apparent organic
content of sample
Certain organic substances may be toxic to the
microorganisms used in the BOD test
The dichromate can react with the inorganic
substance
BOD
COD
Measures biodegradable
organics
Measures biodegradable and
non biodegradable organics
Uses oxidizing microorganism
Uses a strong chemical agent
Affected by toxic substance
Not affected
Affected by temperature
Not affected
5 days incubation
2.5 hrs
Accuracy + 10%
Accuracy + 2%
To determine total organic carbon in an
aqueous sample.
The test methods for TOC utilize heat & oxygen,
ultraviolet radiation, chemical oxidants, or some
combination of these methods to convert organic
carbon to carbon dioxide which is measured with
an infrared analyzer or by other means.
TOC
TOC can be used as a measure of its pollution
characteristics and in some cases, it has been
possible to relate TOC to BOD and COD values.
TOC test can be completed in 5-10 min.
h
ThOD is the stoichiometric amount of O2 required
to oxidize completely a given compounds
ThOD
It can only be evaluate when chemical formula of
organic matter is available (with related
assumptions).
Calculation of ThOD
Determine the ThOD for glycine (CH2(NH2)COOH) using the following
assumption;
a) If the 1st step, the organic carbon & nitrogen are converted to
carbon dioxide (CO2) and ammonia (NH3), respectively
b) In the 2nd and 3rd steps, the ammonia is oxidized sequentially to
nitrite and nitrate.
c) The ThOD is the sum of the oxygen required for all three steps.
Ans : ThOD= 112 g O2/mol glycine.
Calculation of ThOD
a) Write a balanced reaction for the carbonaceous oxygen demand.
b) Write balanced reaction for the nitrogeneous oxygen demand:
i) nitrite (HNO2)
ii) nitrate (HNO3)
c) Determine the ThOD = Sum of the oxygen required for all three
steps.
Ans : ThOD= 112 g O2/mol glycine.
DETERMINATION OF BOD/COD,
BOD/TOC & TOC/COD RATIOS
Determine the theoretical BOD/COD, BOD/TOC, and TOC/COD ratios for
The following compound C5H7NO2 (MW=113). Assume the value of the BOD
first-order. Reaction rate constant is 0.23/d
Ans : BOD/COD = 0.68
BOD/TOC = 1.82
TOC/COD = 0.37
a) Determine the COD
Write a balanced reaction for Carbonaceous oxygen demand
b) Determine the BOD of the compound
c) Determine the TOC of the compound
d) Determine the ratios required.
General classification of microorganisms found in surface water & WW
Prokaryote
Simplest
Absent
Bacteria, blue-green
algae (cyanobacter)
& archaea
Eukaryote
Cell structure
Complex
Nuclear membrane
present
Representative
members
Plants & animals &
single-celled
organisms (protozoa,
fungi & green algae)
Pathogenic organisms
Bacteria
Protozoa
Helminths
Viruses
Pathogenic organisms found in WW may be
excreted by human beings & animals who are
infected with disease or who are carries a
particular infectious disease.
Organism
Disease
Symptoms
Salmonella
Salmonellosis
Food poisoning
Salmonella Typhi
Typhoid fever
High fever, diarrhea
Vibrio cholera
cholera
Extremely heavy diarrhea,
dehydration
Cryptosporidium
parvum
cryptosporidiosis
Diarrhea
Cyclospora
cayetanensis
cyclosporasis
Severe diarrhea, stomach
cramps,nausea &
vomitting lasting for
extended periods
Giardia lamblia
Giardiasis
Mild to severe diarrhea,
nausea,indigestion
Taenia saginata
Taeniasis
Beef tapeworm
Taenia solium
Taeniasis
Pork tapeworm
Hepatitis A virus
Infectious
hepatitis
Toxicity is the degree to which a substance
is able to damage anlight
exposed organism.
toxicity
Can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as
Animal
Bacterium
Plant
Toxicity test are used to;
Assess the suitability of environmental conditions for aquatic life
Establish acceptable receiving water concentrations for conventional
parameter such as DO, pH, temp. or turbidity.
Study the effects of water quality parameters on wastewater toxicity.
Determine the effectiveness of wastewater-treatment method.
Assess the degree of wastewater treatment needed to meet water
pollution control requirement.
Determines compliance with federal & state water quality standard
and water quality criteria.
Establish permissible effluent discharge rate
INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER & DOMESTIC WASTE
REGULATION 2009