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The Byzantine Empire And the Crusades By: Ms. Angel The Reign of Justinian • The Eastern Roman Empire was centered on Constantinople• Justinian became emperor in 527• Justinian wanted to reestablish the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean world- Justinian's Achievements: • Restored the Roman Empire in the Mediterranean• Codified Roman Law (The Body of the Civil Law) • His empire included: Italy, part of Spain, North Africa, Asia Minor, Palestine, and Syria- Justinian’s conquests left the E. Roman Empire with serious problems! • Too much territory to protect far from Constantinople• An empty treasury- (no $) • A decline in population after a plague• Renewed threats to its frontiers• Rise of Islam unified Arab groups and created a powerful new force that swept through the Eastern Roman Empire- Byzantine Empire • By the beginning of the 8th century, the Eastern Roman Empire has shrunk, and is now called the Byzantine Empire• Greek and Christian State• Greek replaced Latin as the official language• Built on Christian faith (Christian church of the Byzantine Empire came to be known as the Eastern Orthodox Church)• The Emperor controlled not only the state, but also the church… he chose the patriarch (head of the Eastern Orthodox Church)- Trade • Medieval Europe's greatest center for commerce• Center for the exchange of products between the east and west• Items brought from the East: – silk, spices, jewelry, ivory, wheat, furs, flax, honey Life in Constantinople Riots in Constantinople: • Caused widespread destruction• Justinian rebuilt the city• Population estimated in the 100’s of thousands• Largest city in Europe during the Middle Ages- Building in Constantinople: • Dominated by an immense palace complex • Hundreds of churches• A huge arena known as the Hippodrome (where there were gladiator fights and chariot races)• Public works- (roads, bridges, walls, public baths, law courts, schools, churches, reservoirs underground to hold H2O supply) Justinian's greatest achievement: • The Hagia Sophia… The Church of the Holy Wisdom– Completed in 537– Enormous dome seems to be floating in space- Hagia Sophia Despite five damaging earthquakes between 553 and 986 A.D., Hagia Sophia remains to this day basically in its original form. After the Turkish conquest of Constantinople, the building was converted into a mosque, and then under Turkish President Kemal Atatürk it became a museum. New Heights… • Empire begins to expand again under the Macedonians (867-1081)– Expanded trade – Increased economic prosperity… The city of Constantinople flourished! And New Problems: • Struggles for power led to political and social disorder in the late 11th century• Growing schism, or split between the church (Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Church)• Faced threats from abroad (Seljuk Turks from Asia Minor)- The Crusades • The crusades were a series of military expeditions carried about by European Christians to regain the Holy Land from the Muslims. They took place from the 11th to 13th centuries- The Crusades Crusades… • Alexius I (Byzantine Emperor) asked the Europeans for fighting against the Seljuk Turks (Muslims)• Pope Urban II responded… “let’s save the Holy Land from those Muslims, because they don’t believe as we do!”• The Pope challenged all Christians to join in the Holy War. “IT IS THE WILL OF GOD!”- Attractions to joining the crusading armies: • • • • • Many were motivated by religious fervorSome sought adventureSome just loved to fightSome wanted to gain land, riches, a titleSome sought new trading opportunities- The Early Crusades • 1st Crusade- began as 3 organized bands of warriors• They took over the Holy City by killing a lot of the people who lived there• Crusaders organized 4 Latin crusaders states surrounded by Muslims so that they could continue to try and control the Muslims• By 1140’s… the Muslims began to fight back!- 2nd Crusade: • 1 of the 4 Latin Kingdoms fell• Saint Bernard of Clairvaux called for another crusade!• Bernard got help from King Louis VII (France) and Emperor Conrad III (Germany)• This second crusade was a total failure!- 3rd Crusade: • In 1187 Jerusalem (the Holy City) fell to Muslim forces under Saladin!• 3 important rulers agreed to lead the 3rd Crusade: – Emperor Frederick Barbarossa of Germany – Richard I (Richard the Lionhearted) of England – Philip II Augustus, King of France • Not very successful… Frederick drowned… Richard and Philip failed… • Eventually Richard the Lionhearted made a deal to allow Christian pilgrims free access to Jerusalem- The Later Crusades: • 4th Crusade was started by Pope Innocent III• On it’s way to the East (to fight) the crusading army got in an argument over who would gain succession to the Byzantine throne• The Venetians leading the 4th crusade thought they could get rid of their biggest competitor… the Byzantine Empire• Crusaders sacked Constantinople and the surrounding area… greatly weakening the city!• Ottoman Turks took over The Byzantine Empire in 1453- Children's Crusade: • In Germany in 1212, Nicholas of Cologne said that God had led him to start a “children’s crusade”• Thousands of young people joined him to go to Italy… The Pope told them to go home• A big group of French children went to the Holy Land, failed, and were sold into slavery- Did the Crusades have an Effect on Europe? • Benefited Italian Port Cities • Unfortunate Side Effects – Widespread attacks on Jews began during the Crusades THE END