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A A capela - A cappella Choral music for voices alone, without instruments. Akord - Chord A grouping of pitches played and heard simultaneously. Arija - Aria A vocal piece for solo singer and orchestra, generally in an opera, cantata, or oratorio. Atonalni - Atonality The absence of any feeling of tonality. Avangarda - Avant-garde In the most advanced style. B Balada - Ballad - A song or song-poem that tells a story, in several stanzas. - A name for a miniature piano piece of dramatic nature. Ballades sometimes suggest a program. Bel canto A style of singing that brings out the sensous beauty of the voice. Bel canto opera Term for early romantic opera, which featured bel canto singing. C Crkvena kantata - Church Cantata A cantata with religious words, often tied directly to a particular church service, such as the Easter or Christmas service. Ciklična forma (oblik) - Cyclic form A large form, such as a symphony, in which certain themes come back in various different movements. D Duo, duet - Duet, duo A composition for two singers or instrumentalists. Dinamika - Dynamics The volume of sound, the loudness or softness of a musical passage. E Elektronska muzika - Electronic Music Music composed and performed with the aid of electronics, usually synthesizers and computers. Ekspozicija - Exposition The first section of a sonata form movement which presents the main themes to be developed. F Fiksna ideja - Idee fixe Term used by Berlioz for a recurring theme used in all the movements of his Symphonie Fantastique. Fuga - Fugue A composition written systematically in imitative polyphony, usually with a single main theme. G Gudački kvartet - String Quartet An instrumental group consisting of two violins, viola, and cello; or a piece composed for this group; or the four players themselves. Gregorijansko pevanje - Gregorian Chant The type of chant used in the early Roman Catholic Church. H Harmonija - Harmony The chordal accompaniment of a melody; vertical representation instead of horizontal. Homofonija - Homophony A musical texture that involves only one melody of real interest, combined with chords or other subsidiary sounds. Himna - Hymn A simple religious song in several stanzas, for congregational singing in church. I Impresionizam - Impressionism A French artistic movement of the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. Improvizacija - Improvisation Making up the music as you play. K Kanon - Canon Strict imitative polyphony, with the identical melody appearing in each voice, but at staggered intervals; standard in vocal polyphony. Kantata - Cantata A composition in several movements for solo voice(s), instruments, and perhaps also chorus. Depending on text, cantatas are categorized as either secular or church cantatas. Kamerna muzika - Chamber music Music played by small groups, such as a string quartet or a piano trio. Koda - Coda A section sometimes added on to the end of a song; in sonata form, added after the recapitulation to conclude the sonata form movement. Koncert - Concerto A large composition for orchestra and solo instruments or small solo group. Koral - Chorale German for hymn; also used for a four-part harmonization of a German hymn. Končerto groso - Concerto Grosso The main type of Baroque concerto, for a group of solo instruments and a small orchestra. Koncertna uvertira - Concert Overture An early nineteenth-century term for a piece resembling an opera overture-but without any following opera. Often concert overtures amount to short pieces of orchestral program music. Kvartet - Quartet A piece for four singers or players; often used to mean string quartet. Kvintet - Quintet A piece for five singers or players. L Lajt-motiv - Leitmotif A leitmotif is a musical theme associated with a particular character or idea. Libreto - Libretto The complete book of words for an opera, oratorio, cantata, etc. M Madrigal - Madrigal a 16th-century secular piece for four or more voices which emphasized the meaning of words. Misa - Mass The Catholic liturgy; in a musical context, the Kyrie, Gloria, Credo, Sanctus, Benedictus and Agnus Dei. Minijature - Miniature A term for a short evocative composition for piano composed in the Romantic Period. Monofonija - Monophony A musical texture involving a single melodic line and nothing else, as in Gregorian chant; as opposed to polyphony. Motet - Motet A sacred piece for several voices. Motiv - Motive, motif A short fragment of melody or rhythm used in constructing a long section of music. N Nacionalizam - Nationalism A nineteenth-century movement promoting music built on national folksongs and dances, or associated with national subjects. Neuma - Neuma A sign in very early manuscripts indicating pitch. Nokturno - Nocturne "Night piece"; title for romantic miniature compositions for piano, etc. O Opera - Opera A play set to music. Opera bufo - Opera buffa Italian comic opera. Opera seria - Opera seria Serious and heroic opera of the Baroque period. Opereta - Operetta A nineteenth-century type of light (often comic) opera, employing spoken dialogue in between musical numbers. Opus - Opus "Work"; opus numbers provide a means of cataloguing a composer's compositions. Oratorijum - Oratorio Long, semi-dramatic piece on a religious subject for soloists, chorus, and orchestra. Organum - Organum Liturgical music, based on existing plainsong,, used to set prose; the earliest genre of medieval polyphonic music. P Pasija - Passion A long, oratorio-like composition telling the story of Jesus's last days, according to one of the New Testament Gospels. Polifonija - Polyphony Music which uses several independent vocal lines simultaneously; the predominant early music style, replaced by homophony, in which the music moves chordally (for example, like a hymn). Programska muzika - Program music Instrumental music associated with a story or other musical idea. R Rečitativ - Recitative A half-singing, half-reciting style of presenting words in opera, cantata, oratorio, etc., which follows speech accents and speech rhythms closely. Responzorijalno pevanje - Responsorial chant A type of Gregorian chant in which soloists sing in alternation with the choir. Ričarkar - Ricercar An instrumental genre of the Renaissance. S Sonata - Sonata A chamber music piece in several movements, typically for three instruments plus continuo in the Baroque period, and for only one or two instruments in all periods since then. Sonatni oblik - Sonata form, sonata-allegro form A form developed by the Viennese composers and used in almost all the first movements of their symphonies, sonatas, etc., as well as in some other movements. Stav - Movement A self-contained section of a larger piece, such as a symphony or concerto grosso. Strofično pevanje - Strophic Song A song in several stanzas with the same music for each stanza; as opposed to through-composed song. Svita - Suite A piece consisting of a series of dances. Simfonijska poema - Symphonic Poem A piece of orchestral program music in one long movement. Simfonija - Symphony A large orchestral piece in several movements. Š Šansona - Chanson French for song; a song for one or two vocal lines and sometimes instrumental acompaniment. T Tempo - Tempo The speed of music. Tokata - Toccata A piece in free form designed partly to show off the instrument and the technique of the player (usually an organist or harpsichordist). Tonalitet - Tonality The feeling of centrality of one note (and its chord) to a passage of music; as opposed to atonality. Trubaduri, truveri - Troubadours, trouveres Aristocratic poet-musicians of the middle ages. U Uvetira - Overture An orchestral piece at the start of an opera, oratorio, etc. V Verizam - Verismo A realistic and sensational type of late Romantic Italian opera.