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Shaping a New Nation
Americans adopt the Articles of
Confederation. A new constitution is ratified
after Federalists agree to include a Bill of
Rights.
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Shaping a New Nation
SECTION 1
Experimenting with Confederation
SECTION 2
Drafting the Constitution
SECTION 3
Ratifying the Constitution
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Section 1
Experimenting with
Confederation
Americans adopt the Articles of Confederation
but find the new government too weak to solve
the nation’s problems.
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Chapter 5: Section 1
Experimenting with Confederation
1. To what were the Americans originally loyal?
2. What type of government was preferred?
3. State Constitutions tended to have 3 things:
a.
b.
c.
4. What was our first government called?
5. What 2 things were implemented to deal with western lands?
a.
b.
6. What were the negatives of our first government?
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
SECTION
1
Experimenting with Confederation
Americans Debate Republicanism
Colonies Become States
• People consider self-governing colonies the basic
political unit
- colonists give their allegiance to colony
- idea persists when colonies become states
Unity Through a Republic
• Colonists believe democracy gives too much power
to uneducated
• Prefer republic—citizens rule through elected
representatives
• Views of republicanism, government based on
consent of people:
- John Dickinson: put nation’s good above self, only
way a republic will work
- Economist Adam Smith and followers: pursue own
Continued . . .
interests politically and economically
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SECTION
1
continued Americans
Debate Republicanism
State Constitutions
• Many states limit powers of governors, make strong
legislatures; fear of executive authority
• Most guarantee specific bill of rights to citizens (ie:
freedom of religion)
• Stress liberty, not equality: only white males can vote; in
most states must own property
Political Precedents
• The founding fathers searched history for political
precedents for a representative government, free of
monarchy.
• Previous republican governments cannot be adapted to
U.S. needs:
- none balanced concerns of state and national
governments
• Ancient Greece, Rome, Italian city-states did not last
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Females vote in New Jersey: 1776-1807
The New Jersey State Constitution inadvertently gave women the right to vote. The 1776
New Jersey Constitution had vaguely stated that “all inhabitants” of the state could vote.
As New Jersey’s constitution made no reference to sex, adult women who were worth
fifty pounds and had resided in the county they wished to vote in for one year were
granted suffrage. Women voted in large numbers until 1807, when the Assembly passed a
law limiting suffrage to free white males. The 1807 law was not seen as specifically
hostile to women; instead, it was intended to clarify the Constitution’s guarantee of the
franchise to “all inhabitants.” Because some objected that “all inhabitants” could allow
slaves and aliens to vote, the Assembly acted to clarify the state’s voting requirements.
SECTION
1
Articles of Confederation
Supreme Power: Can It Be Divided?
• Confederation or alliance: national government, states
share powers (superiority over each other in different
matters)
• Articles of Confederation—laws assigning national,
state powers
--Goes into effect 1781
• National government handles war, treaties, weights,
measures, mail
• No executive or court system established to enforce,
interpret laws
Western Lands: Who Gets Them?
• Vague western boundaries of colonial charters
• Claims of different states conflicted
• States without claims tend to be small (MD, DE, RI)
• Maryland approves Articles when western land claims
given to federal, not state power
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued Articles
of Confederation
Governing the Western Lands
• Land Ordinance of 1785 creates plan for surveying
western lands
• Northwest Ordinance of 1787—plan for creating
territories, statehood
--Congress would appoint a territorial governor
--When a territory reached 5,000 voting residents,
they can write a temp constitution & elect their own
gov’t
--When a territory reached 60,000 free people, they
could write a state constitution to be approved by
Congress before granted statehood
• Decided that new states would be equal to the 13
• 5 states were formed: OH, IN, IL, MI, WI
• Articles of Confederation’s greatest achievements
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SECTION
1
The Confederation Encounters Problems
Economic Problems
• Congress has no authority to regulate trade; each
state looks out for itself
• Congress amasses huge debt during
Revolutionary War
• Foreign debts cannot be paid
Borrowers Versus Lenders
• Depression hits farmers the worst
• Creditors favor high taxes so they will be paid back
• Taxes put farmers in debt; many lose land and
livestock
• Debtors want large supply paper money; creditors
want small supply
Continued . . .
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SECTION
1
continued The
Confederation Encounters Problems
Foreign-Relations Problems
• U.S. does not pay debts to British merchants or
compensate Loyalists
• In retaliation, Britain refuses to evacuate forts on
Great Lakes
• In 1784, Spain closes Mississippi River to
American navigation
• Westerners unable to ship crops east through New
Orleans
• Congress unable to resolve problems with foreign
nations
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SECTION
1
continued The
Confederation Encounters Problems
Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation
• Congress can’t enact and collect taxes
• Can’t regulate interstate or foreign trade
--Each state issued its own currency
• Each state has one vote, regardless of population
• 2/3 majority needed to pass laws
• Articles can be amended only if all states approve
• No executive branch to enforce laws
• No national court system
• No national army, navy
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Section 2
Drafting the Constitution
At the Philadelphia convention in 1787, delegates
reject the Articles of Confederation and create a
new constitution.
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One American’s Story Quiz
•
•
•
•
•
1. Who was Daniel Shays?
2. Of what did he feel a victim to?
3. Where was he from?
4. What did he do in September of 1786?
5. How did state officials respond?
George Washington said…
• “The consequences of… [an] ineffective
government are too obvious to be dwelt upon.
Thirteen sovereignties pulling against each
other, and all tugging at the federal head will
soon bring ruin on the whole… Let us have
[government] by which our lives, liberty and
property will be secured or let us know the
worst at once”
SECTION
2
Drafting the Constitution
Nationalists Strengthen the Government
Shays’s Rebellion
• 1786–87 armed farmers demand closing of courts
to avoid losing farms
• Shays’s Rebellion—state militia defeats farmers
led by Daniel Shays
• Many leaders fear rebellion will spread through
country
• George Washington calls for stronger national
government
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Nationalists
Strengthen the Government
Annapolis Convention
• 5 states send delegates to meeting on interstate trade
and other financial problems (1786)
• VA, NJ, DE, PA, NY
• Present were James Madison of Virginia and
Alexander Hamilton of New York
Convention Highlights
• In 1787, 55 delegates meet at Pennsylvania State
House
• Rhode Island, as a small state, was against
federalism…thought it would strip states of rights
• Washington unanimously elected presiding officer
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Questions?
• Think about disputes you’ve resolved through
compromise. What steps did you take to reach
the compromise?
• What did you give up or change your mind
about in order to reach a peaceful solution?
SECTION
2
Conflict Leads to Compromise
Big States Versus Small States
• Delegates recognize need to strengthen central
government
- decide to form new government
• Edmund Randolph’s Virginia Plan: bicameral
legislature based on population
• William Paterson’s New Jersey Plan: single house,
one vote per state
• Roger Sherman, delegate from Connecticut,
proposes Great Compromise:
- Senate has equal representation, elected by state
legislatures
- House of Representatives, based on population,
elected by people
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Conflict
Leads to Compromise
Slavery-Related Issues
• South wants slaves in population count for House,
not for taxes
• North wants slaves in population count for taxes,
not for House
• Three-Fifths Compromise allows 3/5 of state’s
slaves to be counted
• Congress given power to regulate foreign trade
• Cannot interfere with slave trade for 20 years
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SECTION
2
Creating a New Government
Division of Powers
• Federalism—division of power between national
and state governments
• National government has delegated or
enumerated powers
• Nation handles foreign affairs, defense, interstate
trade, money
• Powers kept by states are called reserved
powers
• States handle education, marriage laws, trade
within state
• Shared powers include right to tax, borrow money,
establish courts
Continued . . .
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SECTION
2
continued Creating
a New Government
Separation of Powers
•
•
•
•
Legislative branch makes laws
Executive branch enforces laws
Judicial branch interprets laws
Checks and balances prevent one branch from
dominating the others
• Electoral college—electors chosen by states to
vote for president
Creating the Constitution
• Constitution can be changed through amendment
process
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Complete…
Complete…
• A Plea for the Constitution
Section 3
Ratifying the Constitution
During the debate on the Constitution, the
Federalists promise to add a bill of rights in order
to get the Constitution ratified.
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SECTION
3
Ratifying the Constitution
Federalists and Antifederalists
Controversies over the Constitution
• Ratification (official approval) requires support of
nine states
• Voters elect delegates to vote on ratification at state
convention
• Federalists
---favor balance between state, national
---emphasis on a stronger national government
---Leaders: James Madison, John Jay, Alexander
Hamilton
• Antifederalists oppose strong central government
- may serve interests of privileged minority
- unlikely to manage a large country well
- Constitution does not protect individual rights
- Leaders: Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry, Thomas
Continued . . .
Jefferson, Richard Henry Lee
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SECTION
3
continued Federalists
and Antifederalists
The Opposing Forces
• Federalists
---Urban centered--merchants, workers favor
trade/commerce regulations
---Small or weak states want protection of strong
government
• Antifederalist
---Rural areas: farmers fear additional taxes
(remember Shay’s Rebellion?)
---Large or strong states fear loss of freedom to
strong government
• The Federalist Papers—essays that defend,
explain, analyze Constitution
• Antifederalists read Letters from the Federal Farmer:
written anonymously
---Constitution would tear down states rights and
lead to a loss of liberty
---lists rights they want protected
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The Federal Farmer
The Federalist Papers
“But the most common and durable source of factions has been the various
and unequal distribution of property. Those who hold and those who are
without property have ever formed distinct interests in society.”
SECTION
3
The Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification
People Demand a Bill of Rights
• Antifederalists demand written guarantee of
people’s rights
• Federalists promise bill of rights if states ratify
Constitution
Ratification of the Constitution
• December 1787–June 1788, nine states ratify
Constitution; DE first state to ratify
• Federalists need support of large states Virginia
and New York
• After opposition and debate, Virginia and New
York ratify by 1788; RI and NC still hold out
• The new government becomes a reality in 1789
Continued . . .
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SECTION
3
continued The
Bill of Rights Leads to Ratification
Adoption of a Bill of Rights
• 1791, Bill of Rights, or first ten amendments, ratified
by states
• First Amendment—freedom of religion, speech, press,
politics
• Second: A well regulated militia being necessary to the
security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and
bear arms shall not be infringed
• Third—no quartering of soldiers
• Fourth through Eighth—fair treatment for persons
accused of crimes
• Ninth—people’s rights not limited to those mentioned
in Constitution
• Tenth—people, states have all rights not specifically
assigned
• After Bill of Rights adopted, RI and NC finally ratify the
Constitution
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The Militia Act of 1792
Militia members, referred to as "every citizen, so enrolled
and notified," "...shall within six months thereafter,
provide himself..." with a musket, bayonet and belt, two
spare flints, a cartridge box with 24 bullets, and a
knapsack. Men owning rifles were required to provide a
powder horn, 1/4 pound of gunpowder, 20 rifle balls, a
shooting pouch, and a knapsack. Some occupations were
exempt, such as congressmen, stagecoach drivers, and
ferryboatmen. Otherwise, men were required to report for
training twice a year, usually in the Spring and Fall.
"I loves mah guns...loves mah guns"