Download BIO509 Lecture 29 File

School of Sciences, Lautoka Campus
Dicotyledonous families Cont.
BIO509 Botany Lecture 30: Family
Malvaceae
10. Family Malvaceae
Taxonomy
Kingdom Plantae
Subkingdom Tracheobionta-Vascular Plants
Superdivision Spermatophyta-Seed Plants
Division Magnoliophyta-Flowering Plants
Class Magnoliopsida-Dicotyledons
Subclass Dilleniidae
Order Malvales
Family Malvaceae
• 100-119 genera with 1500 accepted species
• Recently suggested changes in taxonomy-243
genera with 4225+ species
General Morphology
• Usually herbaceous, sometimes trees or
shrubs
• Leaves are alternate, stipulate, simple and
entire.
• Sometimes leaves are stellate hairy, and
they may be dissected, and are usually
palmately veined.
http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/gallery.html
Flower Morphology
• Flowers are regular, usually perfect, 5-merous
• 5 Petals, distinct, often adnate to the base of the
filament tube (stamen tube)
• 5 Sepals, distinct, or connate at base
• The Typifying feature of this family is the
Filament tube, or stamen tube, where all the
filaments of the stamens are united to form one
long tube surrounding the style and sometimes
the stigma.
http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Hibiscus/galleryL.html
Flower morphology, continued
• Androecium– Stamens numerous, filaments connate into a tube for
most of their length
– Anthers Unilocular
• Gynoecium– Ovary Superior
– Carpels (1) 2-many, either loosely coherent in a ring
around the base of the single style or wholly united in
a compound ovary
– Style with as many long or short branches as there
are carpels
– Ovules 1-many per carpel
http://www.wildflowers-and-weeds.com/Plant_Families/Malvaceae.htm
•http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Hibiscus/galleryL.html
http://www.humanflowerproject.com/index.php/weblog/comments/when_cotton_was_king/
Fruit
• The fruit in this family is:
– A loculicidal capsule
– A separating dehiscent or indehiscent
schizocarp
– Rarely a berry
http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Hibiscus/galleryL.html
Variation
• This family is widely varied, and includes
such plants as Abelmoschus eschuluentus
(Okra), Adansonia rubrostipa (Baobab
tree),Gossypium spp. (cotton),Corchorus
olitorius (jute), and Hibiscus rosa-sinensis
(tropical Hibiscus)
Abelmoschus esculuentus
(okra)
•Gossypium spp. (cotton) •Hibiscus rosa-sinensis (tropical hibiscus)
Corchorus olitorius
•Bombax ceiba
Megiostegium microphyllum
•Pavonia hirticalyx
Pachira aquatica
•Adansonia rubrostipa (Baobab tree)
Sparrmannia africana
Ecology
• Most species are tropical or warmtemperate
• The center of diversity of the family is in
the American Tropics
• Individual species’ habitats can vary from
swamps and wetlands to sandy disturbed
roadsides.
Distribution
• Cosmopolitan, found throughout the world,
in varying habitats
• Different types of plants are specific to
different areas
Local Genera
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Genera/Species found in New York
State:
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Abutilon theophrasti
Alcea rosea
Althaea hirsuta
Althaea officinalis
Anoda cristata
Hibiscus laevis
Hibiscus moscheutos
Hibiscus syriacus
Hibiscus tronium
Kosteletzkya virginica
Malva alcea
Malva moschata
Malva neglecta
Malva parviflore
Malva sylvestris
Malva verticillata
Sida hermaphrodita
Sida spinosa
Sidalcea oregana
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Species found in Oswego county:
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Abutilon theophrasti*
Althaea officinalis*
Hibiscus tronium
Malva Moschata*
Malva neglecta
Malva sylvestris*
(Rice Creek lists Malva alcea as well)
Abutilon Theophrasti
• 160 species of Abutilon
worldwide
• Common Name(s):
Velvetleaf, pie marker
• Found in Oswego, Oneida,
Cayuga, Onondaga,
Madison, and Jefferson
counties (some others as
well in NYS)
• Found mainly in cultivated
ground, roadsides and
disturbed soils
• Annual
• Invasive plant- Native to S.
Asia
• Uses: Medicinal, cult. for fiber
and oil
• Negative impacts: affects
orchards, cotton fields, maize,
soybean, and vegetable fields
• Affected by 16 fungi and 6
arthropods.
Althaea officinalis
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Common Name(s): Marsh Mallow
Found in Oswego and Onondaga
counties (as well as others)
Found in salt marshes as well as
slightly acidic, very moist soils
Perennial
Native of Europe, brought to U.S.
as a medicinal plant
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Uses: leaves and roots are edible
raw or cooked, Ornamental,
Medicinal-(In folk medicine)can be
used as an anti-cough medication,
a demulcent, a diuretic, a laxative,
an Emollient, and an Odontalgic.
Can be used as a toothbrush, an
additive in cosmetics, a binding
agent in pills, and a glue.
Malva Moschata
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Common Name(s): Musk-mallow,
Musk cheeseweed
Found in Oswego, Onondaga,
Jefferson, and Madison counties
(as well as others)
Found in pastures, succesional
fields, cultivated ground,
roadsides, disturbed soils, and
waste places
Perennial
Native of Europe, escaped from
cultivation
Somewhat aromatic-crushed
leaves have a musk-like smell
There is a white variation-Malva
moschata alba
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Uses: Ornamental; Edible: Leaves,
seeds, and flowers; Medicinal- folk
medicine uses musk mallow as an
anti-inflammatory, an astringent, a
demulcent, a diuretic, an Emollient, an
Expectorant, a laxative, a poultice and
a salve. Can also be used to make
yellow and green dyes, as well as
cordage, textiles and paper.
Malva Sylvestris
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Common name(s): High mallow,
cheeses
Found in Oswego, Onondaga and
Oneida Counties (as well as
others)
Found in waste areas, field verges
and roadsides, avoids acidic soils
Native of Eurasia, escaped from
cultivation
Biennial
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Uses: Ornamental; Edible:
Leaves, Flowers, Seeds;
Medicinal-folk medicine uses high
mallow as an anti-inflammatory,
an astringent, a demulcent, a
diuretic, an emollient, an
expectorant, a Laxative and a
salve. Can be used to make
yellow and green dyes, litmus
paper, relief from insect bites, and
creams.
Economic Importance
• Malvaceae includes four very important
plants:
– Okra - Abelmoschus eschuluentus
– Cotton-Gossypium spp.
– Jute- Corchorus olitorius
– Ornamental Hibiscus
Economic Importance: Okra
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Grown as a vegetable crop, but
not very widely
Easy to grow, robust, not easily
affected by pests and diseases
Full of nutrients-low in calories,
very little fat, high in fiber, contains
protein, unsaturated fatty acids,
Vitamin A and C, calcium, iron and
tryptophan
Grows well in Humid, arid, and
high elevation environments up to
1,000m
Can be harvested at a rate of
20,000 to 30,000 plants per
hectare
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Uses:
– Immature pods eaten raw or
cooked, mucus released during
cooking can be used as a
thickening agent
– Seeds used in the place of peas
or beans in soups or other dishes
– Seeds used as a coffee substitute
– Seed oil (40% of seed) used to
make margarine or shortening
– Remaining seed residue is a
livestock feed source
– Seeds can be made into “tofu”
– Leaves eaten raw or cooked
– Remaining biomass after harvest
good fuel source
– Ornamental plant
– Leaves and Immature fruit have
been used to relieve pain
Abelmoschus eschuluentus-Okra
Economic Importance: Cotton
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Cotton is grown as a cash crop in
over 70 countries
The oil from the seeds is used for:
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Cooking
Vegetable oil
Soap-making
seedcakes
The fibers from the seeds are
used for :
– Major textile production globally,
over 266 uses
– Insulation/Soundproofing
– Medical and cosmetic supplies
– Fibers in car tires
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Cotton waste from textile
production is used to improve feed
for livestock- it adds fiber content
The average production for largescale producers is 1,700 kg/ha of
cotton lint (1700kg=3,700lbs)
India-60 million people gain
income from the cotton-textile
sector
Pakistan- 35% of workforce is
employed by the textile industry,
cottonseed oil accounts for 85% of
vegetable oil produced
China-50 million households
produce cotton
Gossypium spp.
• Maywa co. is using raw
cotton material to develop
a biofuel similar to
gasoline capable of
powering vehicles.
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Scientists at Pacific Northwest
National laboratory are using
crystals formed from the cellulose
from cotton fibers to engineer
metallic crystals for use in
biosensors, biological imaging,
drug delivery and catalytic
converters, as well as developing
nanotechnology
MALVACEAE ARE
EVERYWHERE!
Any questions?
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References
http://www.malvaceae.info/Genera/Hibiscus/galleryL.html
http://plants.usda.gov/java/ClassificationServlet?source=display&classid=Malvaceae
http://www.wildflowers-and-weeds.com/Plant_Families/Malvaceae.htm
http://www.humanflowerproject.com/index.php/weblog/comments/when_cotton_was_king/
http://www.newyork.plantatlas.usf.edu/Plant.aspx?id=1905
http://www.invasive.org/weeds/asian/abutilon.pdf
http://www.ct-botanical-society.org/galleries/althaeaoffi.html
http://www.pfaf.org/database/plants.php?Althaea+officinalis
http://www.evergreeneffect.com/tag/organic-cotton/
http://www.soundproofing.org/infopages/natural_fiber.htm
http://www.p2pays.org/ref/01/00013.htm
http://productcatalogue.hartmann.info/PHb2c/b2c/Z_init.do?shop=DE_EN_CAT&language=en&Z_areaID
=3EC020792482E056E10000000A808F21
http://www.jstor.org/pss/1052654?cookieSet=1
http://query.nytimes.com/mem/archivefree/pdf?_r=1&res=9B01E0D6113CE633A25754C0A9679C946396D6CF
http://www.eurekalert.org/pub_releases/2007-03/dnnl-nmc032607.php
http://www.fao.org/docrep/T4470E/t4470e08.htm
http://www.ecofriend.org/entry/now-producing-gas-from-raw-cotton/
Walters, D.R., Keil, D.J., & Murrell, Z.E. (2006). Vascular Plant Taxonomy. Dubuque, Iowa: Kendall/Hunt
publishing company.
Fryxell, Paul A. (1997).The american genera of malvaceae-II. Brittonia. 49, No.2, 204-269.
Gillhem, F.E.M. et.al. (1995). Cotton Production prospects for the next decade. World Bank Technical
papers, 287, Retrieved Nov 29, 2008, from
http://books.google.com/books?id=2gAGmSI4AwkC&pg=PA65&lpg=PA65&dq=CRI+at+GIZA&source=w
eb&ots=dRxM5kLfuQ&sig=zltFG17rSJW39qKuwoT8fiVCT7E&hl=en&sa=X&oi=book_result&resnum=4&
ct=result#PPP3,M1
Sources: Internet and relevant
Botany books
Questions???