Download Circulatory System

Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology
Chapter 37-1 & 37-2
The Circulatory System
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Human Circulatory System
• The Heart
• The Blood Vessels
• Blood
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Human Circulatory System
pulmonary vein
pulmonary artery
lungs
head & arms
aorta
main vein
Right
Left
liver
digestive system
kidneys
legs
Circulatory System
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Parts of the Heart
• The Atria
-Receiving Chambers
• The Ventricles
-Pumping Chambers
• The Valves
-Controls Flow
• The Septum
-Divides the Heart
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Human Heart Structure
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Human Heart Structure
Superior Vena Cava
Large vein that brings oxygen-poor blood from the
upper part of the body to the right atrium
Aorta
Brings oxygen-rich blood from the left
ventricle to the rest of the body
Pulmonary Arteries
Bring oxygen-poor blood
to the lungs
Pulmonary Veins
Bring oxygen-rich blood from each
of the lungs to the left atrium
Left Atrium
Pulmonary Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the right ventricle
after it has entered the
pulmonary artery
Right Atrium
Tricuspid Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the right atrium after it
has entered the right ventricle
Aortic Valve
Prevents blood from flowing
back into the left ventricle
after it has entered the aorta
Mitral Valve
Prevents blood from flowing back
into the left atrium after it has
entered the left ventricle
Left Ventricle
Inferior Vena Cava
Vein that brings oxygen-poor
blood from the lower part of
the body to the right atrium
Septum
Right Ventricle
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Heart: The Vital Pump
• At REST, the heart
pumps about 5
QUARTS of blood a
minute.
• During EXTREME
EXERTION (exercise)
it can pump 40 quarts a
minute.
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
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Control of Heart: Nervous System
• Medulla oblongata regulates rate
• Sensory cells stretch when too fast
• Pressure drops when beat is too low
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Two Pathways of Blood Flow
• Pulmonary Circulation
– Carries blood to lungs and back
• Systemic Circulation
– Carries blood to body and back
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Capillaries of head and arms
Superior vena
cava
Aorta
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary vein
Capillaries of right
lung
Capillaries of left
lung
Inferior vena cava
Capillaries of abdominal
organs and legs
Types of Blood Vessels
•
•
•
Arteries
-Carry blood away from the Heart
-The Aorta is the largest artery
Veins
-Carry blood toward the Heart
-Veins contain valves
-The Vena Cava is the largest vein
Capillaries
-Known as the “Distribution Pipes”
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Double Pump System
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Coronary Vessel Structure
Serous membrane
Continuous with
blood vessels
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Arteries: Blood Away From Heart
–
–
–
–
Large
Thick-walled, Muscular
Elastic
Oxygenated blood
•
Exception Pulmonary Artery
– Carried under great pressure
– Steady pulsating
Arterioles: smaller vessels, enter tissue
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Capillaries: Exchange Takes Place
–
–
–
–
Smallest vessel
Microscopic
Walls one cell thick
Nutrients and gases
diffuse here
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Veins: Blood Toward the Heart
–
Carries blood that contains
waste and CO2
•
–
–
Exception pulmonary vein
Blood not under much pressure
Valves to prevent much gravity
pull
Venules: larger than capillaries
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Artery vs. Vein
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Composition of Blood
• The Plasma (Fluid)
makes up 55% of the
blood volume.
Blood Composition
60
50
40
• The Solids (Cells)
make up 45% of the
blood volume.
30
20
10
0
Plasma
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Solids
Blood Plasma
• 97% Water
• Other 3%
-Antibodies and Proteins
- Nutrients and Wastes
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Blood Solids
• Red Blood Cells
-Carry oxygen
-Contain Hemoglobin
• White Blood Cells
-Attack bacteria & other invaders
• Platelets
-Control the blood clotting process
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Blood Plasma
• Body contains 4-6 L
• Consists of
–
–
–
–
Water
Red Blood Cells
Plasma
White blood cells and
platelets
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Blood Plasma
It also contains useful
things like;
• carbon dioxide
A strawcoloured
liquid that
carries the
cells and the
platelets
which help
blood clot.
• glucose
• amino acids
• proteins
• minerals
• vitamins
• hormones
• waste materials
like urea.
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Plasma
Platelets
White blood
cells
Red blood
cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That
Has Been Centrifuged
Plasma
Platelets
White blood
cells
Red blood
cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That
Has Been Centrifuged
Plasma
Platelets
White blood
cells
Red blood
cells
Whole Blood Sample
Sample Placed in Centrifuge
Blood Sample That
Has Been Centrifuged
Your Blood: Fluid Transport
• a Tissue
• 50% water
• 4% dissolved
substances
Liquid Portion Carries
• Blood cells
– Erythrocytes (RBC - red blood
cells)
– Leucocytes (WBC - white blood
cells)
• Platelets (non cellular particles)
• Proteins
– Enzymes
– Hormones – Endocrine System
• Nutrients - Digestive System
• Gases - Respiratory System
• Inorganic salts
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Oxygen in the Blood
• Hemoglobin, iron
containing molecule
• Loosely picks up
oxygen in the lungs
• Loses oxygen in areas
low in oxygen (diffuses)
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Carbon Dioxide in the Blood
• Hemoglobin carries CO2 also
• CO2 is a waste product of cellular
work
• 70% of CO2 combines with water
• The rest travels to the lungs
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The Composition of Blood
•
•
•
•
50% Water
45% Erythrocytes
4% Plasma with Substances
1% Leukocytes + Platelets
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Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells
a biconcave disc that is
round and flat without a
nucleus
contain hemoglobin, a
molecule specially designed
to hold oxygen and carry it
to cells that need it.
can change shape to an
amazing extent, without
breaking, as it squeezes
single file through the
capillaries.
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Erythrocytes: Red Blood Cells
• Transporters of
– Oxygen
– Carbon Dioxide
• RBC
– Lack a nucleus
– Contain hemoglobin
– Disk-shaped
• RBC are produced in red bone
marrow of
–
–
–
–
ribs,
humerus,
femur,
sternum, and other long bones
• Lives for 120 days
• Old RBC are destroyed in liver and
spleen
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Leukocytes: White Blood Cells
there are many different types and
all contain a big nucleus.
the two main ones are the
lymphocytes and the macrophages.
macrophages ‘eat’ and digest microorganisms .
some lymphocytes fight disease by making antibodies to destroy
invaders by dissolving them.
other lymphocytes make antitoxins to break down poisons.
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Leukocytes: White Blood Cells
•
WBC fight infection
–
•
•
•
Less abundant
Large cells
Some live for
months
–
•
•
Attack foreign
substances
Most just a few days
Several types
ALL contain nuclei
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Platelets
Platelets are bits of cell
broken off larger cells.
Platelets produce
tiny fibrinogen
fibres to form a net.
This net traps other
blood cells to form a
blood clot.
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Platelets
•
•
•
•
•
PLATELETS are for CLOTTING blood
Cell fragments
Produced in bone marrow
Short life span (1 week)
Fibrin (sticky network of protein fibers)
– Form a web trapping blood cells
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Blood Clotting
Break in Capillary Wall
Clumping of Platelets
Clot Forms
Blood vessels injured.
Platelets clump at the site
and release thromboplastin.
Thromboplastin converts
prothrombin into thrombin..
Thrombin converts
fibrinogen into fibrin, which
causes a clot. The clot
prevents further loss of
blood..
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Blood Pressure
• Blood against the blood vessel’s walls
– The systolic pressure refers to
• the pressure recorded while the ventricles pump the
blood.
– The diastolic pressure refers to
• the pressure recorded as the ventricles fill with blood.
• A normal blood pressure is 120/80
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Blood Types
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Blood Types
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Mixing Blood Types
• Plasma contains proteins that
correspond to the shape of the
different antigens
• If you mix one type with the
wrong one, you get CLUMPING
• Type O is the universal donor
• Type AB is the universal acceptor
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Mixing Blood Types
Blood Type
of Donor
Blood Type of Recipient
A
B
AB
O
A
B
AB
O
Unsuccessful transfusion
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Successful transfusion
Circulatory System Summary
away from the heart. The walls of an artery
Arteries take blood ______
muscular walls and elastic fibres. Veins
are made up of thick _________
towards the heart and also have valves. The
carry blood ________
capillaries link arteries and veins, and have a one cell thick wall.
_________
plasma the liquid part of the
Blood is made up of four main things ______,
oxygen White Blood cells to protect
blood; Red Blood Cells to carry ______;
platelets to help blood clot.
the body from disease and _________
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings