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Cell Structure, Function and Organization CELL INFORMATION Typical Animal Cell Biological size and cell diversity ZAC!!!! What do the numbers 440 mean to you??????? PROKARYOTE An organism with cells that do not have membranes on internal structures. Most are single celled. Ex. Bacteria Prokaryote EUKARYOTE organism with cells containing internal, membrane-bound structures allows different parts of the cell to perform different functions Eukaryotic Cell Comparison of pro and eukaryotic Typical Eukaryotic Cell ORGANELLE Small structure inside a cell that performs a specific function a tiny organ CYTOPLASM Region of fluid inside the cell membrane and outside of the nucleus Contains salts, water PLASMA (Cell) MEMBRANE The living, outer boundary of the cytoplasm Regulates what enters and leaves the cell (homeostasis) Composed of phospholipids. CELL WALL only in plant cells a non-living, cellulose boundary outside of the plasma membrane gives shape and support, inflexible The Following Organelles Are Located Inside of the Cytoplasmic Region 1. Mitochondrion Looks like a peanut Powerhouse of the cell Site of cellular respiration -food molecules are broken down to release energy Have Cristae -folded shelves inside the mitochondria. -where respiration occurs Mitochondria Mitochondria Mitochondria Muscle cell mitochondrion 2. Endoplasmic Reticulum network of connecting tunnels from the nucleus to the cell membrane transports proteins. There are two types: a. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Protein storage Lipids are manufactured here Breaks down drugs and toxins in the liver b. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Makes cell membranes Proteins are made here for secretion from the cell Many ribosomes give its name ER Endoplasmic Reticulum (3) Ribosome Structures on which proteins are made Some are attached to the rough ER Others float freely within the cytoplasm-usually near nucleus No membrane!!!!!!!!!!!!!!! Ribosome (4) Golgi Body or Apparatus Ships products to plasma membrane, outside or other organelles Takes in transport vesicles from ER and modifies the contents Produce lysosomes in animals Synthesizes cellulose for plant cell walls Golgi Body Golgi apparatus of plant cell Comparison of ER and Golgi (5) Lysosome Formed in the Golgi complex Cell’s garbage disposal system Called “suicide sacs” (necrosis) because they contain the enzymes for digestion and disposal of worn out cells Rare in plant cells These organelles are defective in Tay-Sachs Disease http://www.ygyh.org/tay/whatisit.htm Lysosomes Golgi apparatus producing lysosomes (6) Perixosome May resemble lysosomes but are not formed in the Golgi complex Found in animal and plant cells Protects the cell from its own production of toxic hydrogen peroxide Ex. White blood cells produce H2O3 to kill bacteria, perixosomes break this into H2O andO2 Major site of oxygen utilization Numerous in the liver where toxic byproducts are going to accumulate (7) Cytoskeleton provide support for organelles and help maintain their shape. It is made up of the following structures: Microtubule-long, hollow tubes made of proteins, important in cell division. Microfilament-thin protein fibers, important in mobility, found in cilia and flagella, provide shape and support. Cytoskeleton This is the end of quiz 1 Review (8) Plastid A membrane bound organelle for pigments Not found in animal cell The most common plastids are: Chromoplast-contains red and orange pigments, Ex. tomotoes, oranges Leucoplast- storage of starch, Ex. Potatoes Chloroplast-contains chlorophyll, photosynthesis green Chloroplast Chloroplast It is thought the chloroplasts and mitochondria had their evolutionay beginnings in eukaryotic cells as endosymbionts because: Both have DNA Both have small ribosomes for protein synthesis Both are approximately the same size as prokaryotic cells Both have similar shape as prokaryotic cells Endosymbiosis Explained 9. Vacuole Large and centrally located in most plant cells For storage of water and pigments In animal cells they are much smaller and scattered, for water storage and cell balance 10. Centriole Found in animal cells and microorganisms Appear rod-shaped during mitosis Responsible for spindle formation and movement during cell division **plant cells have centrosome area but no centrioles Centriole The following organelles are found within the nuclear membrane region nucleus nucleolus chromatin chromosomes (1) Nucleus Site where nucleic acids are formed and therefore directs the activities of the cell Often called the “information storehouse” Contains chromatin Surrounded by a double layer of membrane with pores (2) Nucleolus found within the nucleus region within the nucleus where ribosomes are synthesized Nucleus with nucleolus Nucleus with nuclear pores (3) Chromatin uncoiled DNA and protein will coil up to form chromosomes (4) Chromosomes Structures which carry the genetic information from the parent to the offspring Chromosomes Cilia and Flagella Extensions of some eukaryotic cells Structures that aid in locomotion or feeding Both are composed of pairs of microtubules, with a central pair surrounded by nine additional pairs Structure of cilia Cilia from epithelial cells Cilia Short, numerous, hairlike projections that move in a wavelike motion Flagella Longer projections that move with a whiplike motion Go to the following website. Click on Cell Structure, both Plant and Animal Cells http://www.biologyinmotion.com/org anize-it/index.html Click Open Click on cell structure, both animal and plant, and play!!!