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Cell Structure, Function and Organization
CELL
INFORMATION
Typical Animal Cell
Biological size and cell diversity
ZAC!!!!
What do the numbers 440 mean to you???????
PROKARYOTE
 An
organism with cells
that do not have
membranes on internal
structures.
 Most are single celled.
 Ex. Bacteria
Prokaryote
EUKARYOTE
 organism
with cells
containing internal,
membrane-bound
structures
 allows different parts of
the cell to perform
different functions
Eukaryotic Cell
Comparison of pro and eukaryotic
Typical Eukaryotic Cell
ORGANELLE
Small
structure
inside a cell that
performs a specific
function
 a tiny organ
CYTOPLASM
 Region
of fluid inside the
cell membrane and outside
of the nucleus
 Contains salts, water
PLASMA (Cell) MEMBRANE
 The
living, outer boundary of
the cytoplasm
 Regulates what enters and
leaves the cell (homeostasis)
 Composed of phospholipids.
CELL WALL
 only
in plant cells
 a non-living, cellulose boundary
 outside of the plasma membrane
 gives shape and support,
inflexible
The Following Organelles
Are Located Inside of the
Cytoplasmic Region
1. Mitochondrion
 Looks
like a peanut
 Powerhouse of the cell
 Site of cellular respiration
-food molecules are broken
down to release energy
 Have
Cristae
-folded shelves inside the
mitochondria.
-where respiration occurs
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Mitochondria
Muscle cell mitochondrion
2. Endoplasmic Reticulum
network of connecting
tunnels
 from the nucleus to the cell
membrane
 transports proteins.
 There are two types:

a. Smooth Endoplasmic
Reticulum
 Protein
storage
 Lipids are manufactured here
 Breaks down drugs and
toxins in the liver
b. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
 Makes
cell membranes
 Proteins are made here for
secretion from the cell
 Many ribosomes give its
name
ER
Endoplasmic Reticulum
(3) Ribosome
 Structures
on which proteins
are made
 Some are attached to the rough
ER
 Others float freely within the
cytoplasm-usually near
nucleus
 No membrane!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!
Ribosome
(4) Golgi Body or Apparatus
 Ships
products to plasma
membrane, outside or other
organelles
 Takes in transport vesicles
from ER and modifies the
contents
 Produce lysosomes in animals
 Synthesizes cellulose for plant
cell walls
Golgi Body
Golgi apparatus of plant cell
Comparison of ER and Golgi
(5) Lysosome
 Formed
in the Golgi complex
 Cell’s garbage disposal system
 Called “suicide sacs”
(necrosis) because they
contain the enzymes for
digestion and disposal of worn
out cells
 Rare
in plant cells
 These organelles are
defective in Tay-Sachs
Disease

http://www.ygyh.org/tay/whatisit.htm
Lysosomes
Golgi apparatus producing lysosomes
(6) Perixosome
 May
resemble lysosomes but are
not formed in the Golgi complex
 Found in animal and plant cells
 Protects the cell from its own
production of toxic hydrogen
peroxide
 Ex.
White blood cells produce H2O3 to
kill bacteria, perixosomes break this
into H2O andO2
 Major site of oxygen utilization
 Numerous in the liver where toxic byproducts are going to accumulate
(7) Cytoskeleton
 provide
support for organelles
and help maintain their shape.
It is made up of the following
structures:
Microtubule-long,
hollow
tubes made of proteins,
important in cell division.
Microfilament-thin
protein fibers, important
in mobility, found in cilia
and flagella, provide
shape and support.
Cytoskeleton
This is the end of quiz 1
Review
(8) Plastid
 A membrane
bound
organelle for pigments
 Not found in animal cell
The most common
plastids are:
Chromoplast-contains
red and
orange pigments, Ex.
tomotoes, oranges
Leucoplast- storage of starch,
Ex. Potatoes
Chloroplast-contains
chlorophyll, photosynthesis
green
Chloroplast
Chloroplast
 It
is thought the
chloroplasts and
mitochondria had their
evolutionay beginnings in
eukaryotic cells as
endosymbionts because:
 Both
have DNA
 Both have small ribosomes
for protein synthesis
 Both are approximately the
same size as prokaryotic cells
 Both have similar shape as
prokaryotic cells
Endosymbiosis Explained
9. Vacuole
 Large
and centrally located in
most plant cells
 For storage of water and
pigments
 In animal cells they are much
smaller and scattered, for water
storage and cell balance
10. Centriole
 Found
in animal cells and
microorganisms
 Appear rod-shaped during mitosis
 Responsible for spindle formation
and movement during cell division
 **plant cells have centrosome area
but no centrioles
Centriole
 The
following organelles are found
within the nuclear membrane
region
 nucleus
 nucleolus
 chromatin
 chromosomes
(1) Nucleus
 Site
where nucleic acids are
formed and therefore directs
the activities of the cell
 Often called the “information
storehouse”
 Contains chromatin
 Surrounded by a double layer
of membrane with pores
(2) Nucleolus
 found
within the nucleus
 region within the nucleus
where ribosomes are
synthesized
Nucleus with nucleolus
Nucleus with nuclear pores
(3) Chromatin
 uncoiled
DNA and protein
 will coil up to form
chromosomes
(4) Chromosomes
 Structures
which carry the
genetic information from the
parent to the offspring
Chromosomes
Cilia and Flagella
 Extensions
of some
eukaryotic cells
 Structures that aid in
locomotion or feeding
 Both
are
composed of
pairs of
microtubules,
with a central
pair
surrounded by
nine additional
pairs
Structure
of cilia
Cilia from epithelial cells
Cilia
 Short,
numerous, hairlike
projections that move in a
wavelike motion
Flagella
 Longer
projections that
move with a whiplike
motion
Go to the following website.
Click on Cell Structure, both Plant
and Animal Cells
http://www.biologyinmotion.com/org
anize-it/index.html
 Click Open
 Click on cell structure, both animal
and plant, and play!!!
