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Special Topics in Geo-Business Data Analysis Week 1 Covering Topics 1, 2 and 3 Overview of the Case Study Desktop Mapping Grid-based Mapping Class Website http://www.innovativegis.com/basis/DU/GIS4995/ Course Description and Logistics Topics and Schedule Online Workbook Online Lecture Notes Online Assignments (Berry) Mapping versus Analysis This course focuses some of the basic concepts, considerations and procedures in grid-based data handling and analysis operations as they apply to geo-business applications. Three broad capabilities are discussed— 1) surface modeling involves the translation of discrete point data into a continuous surface that represents the geographic distribution of that data. 2) spatial data mining to uncover relationships within and among mapped data 3) map analysis investigates the “contextual” relationships (Topic 1) (Berry) Examples of Map Analysis SPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SHOPPER MOVEMENT AND SALES ACTIVITY SPATIAL MODELING AND DATA MINING IN RETAIL http://www.innovativegis.com/GeoBusiness/Assignments/GIS4995_assignments.htm (Berry) The Case Study The book is organized into eight topics and two appendices that lead the reader from an understanding of the fundamental nature of mapped data through a series of basic procedures used in deriving, analyzing and applying spatial information. …workbook includes a CD with software, data sets and exercises (Topic 1) (Berry) Installing Course Software Companion software includes ArcExplorer, Surfer, MapCalc and SnagIt (Topic 1; ex) (Berry) Historical Setting and GIS Evolution Manual map drafting …8,000 years Computer Mapping automates the cartographic process (70s) Spatial Database Management links computer mapping techniques with traditional database capabilities (80s) GIS Analysis and Modeling representation of relationships within and among mapped data (90s) …Multimedia GIS is the current frontier (00s) but that’s another story (Topic 2) (Berry) Where Is What Spatial database management links a table describing the location of map features (customers) to a database containing descriptive attributes describing each feature (records) (Topic 2) (Berry) Interacting with Vector Map Layers A composite map is formed by ordering the display of a series of individual map layers …basic map display tools (Topic 2; ex1) (Berry) Vector Data Structure Vector data characterizes map features as collections of points, lines and polygons Maps containing point, line and polygon features are defined by organized sets of points (Topic 2; ex 2) (Berry) Raster Data Types It is important to note that the map features in a vector-based mapping system identify discrete, irregular spatial objects with sharp abrupt boundaries. Other data types — raster images, pseudo grids and raster grids — treat space in entirely different manner forming a spatially continuous data structure (Topic 2) (Berry) Pseudo Grid A pseudo grid is formed by a series of uniform, square polygons covering an analysis area. Each “polygon cell” is treated as a separate polygon—it’s just that every polygon is the same shape/size and they all abut each other (Topic 2; ex 3) (Berry) Numeric and Geographic Data Types Map values are characterized from two broad perspectives—numeric and geographic—then further refined by specific data types (Topic 3) (Berry) Discrete versus Continuous Data Discrete and Continuous map types combine the numeric and geographic characteristics of mapped data (Topic 3; ex 1) (Berry) Displaying Grid-Based Map Surfaces Grid-based data can be displayed in 2D/3D lattice or grid forms (Topic 3; ex 3) (Berry) Lattice versus Grid Data Structures Contour lines are delineated by connecting interpolated points of constant elevation along the lattice frame Three-dimensional display “pushes-up” the grid or lattice reference frame to the relative height of the stored map values (Topic 3) (Berry) Normalizing Mapped Data Normalization techniques allow you to “compare apples and oranges” using a standard “mixed fruit scale of numbers (Topic 3; ex 4) (Berry) Exchanging Mapped Data The map values at each grid location form a single record in the exported table The CSV file can be imported into standard statistical packages for further analysis (Topic 3) (Berry) Storing Grid-based Data A grid-based system stores a long list of map values that are implicitly linked to an analysis frame superimposed over an area (Topic 3) (Berry) Map Stack A map stack of individual grid layers can be stored as separate files or in a multi-grid table (Topic 3) (Berry) MapCalc .rgs Table Format …open the GB_Smallville.rgs data set in WordPad and note its organization Longitude, Latitude, #Col, #Row, Cellsize (meters), #Maps Map name Default parameters for display Legend labels for discrete maps Legacy identifying the command that created the map Listing of map values (Topic 3) (Berry)