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Building Services and System Case Study
Lloyds Building 1978-86, London
Richard Rogers
MArch 1
Li Yin Kwan, Jess
cover
Lloyds Building 1978-86, London
Client: Corporation of Lloyd's of London
Bussiness nature: Insurance
Design Team:
Richard Rogers Partnership
Structural Engineer:
Ove Arup & Partners
Services Engineer:
Ove Arup & Partners
Quantity Surveyor:
Monk Dunstone Mahon & Sears
Lighting:
Friederich Wagner of Liccttehnische
Planung
Acoustics:
Sandy Brown Associates
General information
Site description
The Lloyds Building is located on
Leadenhall Street in the heart of
the financial district of the city of
London. The site is awkwardly
shaped due to the medieval
character of London’s street plan.
Typical of medieval streets, the
streets surrounding the Lloyds
Building are tight and winding,
providing a sharp contrast
between solid and void, between
building and street.
site
Lloyds Building 1978-86, London
Description
The Lloyds Building, consisting of twelve stories to the north,
stepping down to six stories to the south, was a replacement for
the previous buildings which Lloyds of London occupied but
found to be too small for its continued growth.
Presently, the Lloyds Building with its 52,200 square metres
gross area (37,500 square metres net area) is a 66 percent
increase over the Cooper buildings it replaced. "The Room"
takes all the area of the ground floor and extends into the upper
second, third, and fourth floors. Office spaces take up the
remaining upper floors.
General information
Requirements
The Room – required large open adaptive space
Dating back to the 17th century, Lloyds of London has today
transformed itself into a modern market place operating on the
principles of a traditional market. Composed of a society of
underwriters, each having their individual stall in the Lloyd's market,
the efficiency and success of Lloyd's depends on the interaction
between individuals and in the contact gained from working in a large
open space, an open market, called "The Room".
Expansion – continue growth leads to need of expansion
and flexible structural and services layout
The Corporation of Lloyds of London had already moved several
times in attempt to suit its continued growth before acquiring the site
on Leadenhall Street in the 1920’s. During the World War II, German
bombs flattened the adjacent sites; however, the Cooper building in
which Lloyds resided survived. In 1950, Lloyds, foreseeing a further
need for expansion bought the surrounding sites and began to build
the "new" Lloyds. This new building, completed in 1958, was linked to
the 1928 building by a 38-foot bridge spanning over Lime Street.
Continued growth of Lloyds quickly led them to reevaluate their
situation and again look for ways to expand. By the 1960s and 1970s,
the 1958 building was already too small and Lloyds now began to
look at 1928 building as a possibility in meeting their expansionist
ideals. The 1928 building ultimately became their solution. Although
listed (grade II) by the government, it was allowed by the City to be
demolished in 1981 in place of the current Lloyds Building, which was
completed in 1986.
General information
Climatic Summary
Latitude: 51 09 N
Longitude: 000 11 W
Elevation: 62 m
London has a relatively cool climate year round.
Temperatures range from 22 degrees Celsius in the
summer to 0 degrees Celsius in the winter. London
receives substantial amounts of precipitation
throughout the year.
The sky conditions are largely overcast and the wind
comes primarily from the southwest with a speed of
approximately 10 knots.
Considerations
-heat loss to outside
-Interior temperature
Climate
Strategic diagram for services
-use of natural light while with insulation
-Consideration of the future need of electronics facilities
-Growth
Strategy
Services
Strategy 1
Natural light
Strategy 2
Circulation route – staircases & elevators
Utilities rooms – generator room, air handling
units, water tank, services shaft, lavatories
Piping – supply/ return air duct, water
supply, drainage, lighting, fire service piping
Services
Strategy 1
break1
Strategy 1 - Natural lighting
Stepping Form
The Lloyds Building, consisting of
twelve stories to the north, stepping
down to six stories to the south,
sunlight penetration thus utilized.
the incorporation of the
atrium
The atrium was a key feature in
the reduction of the loads
coming from lighting. The
atrium increases in volume and
surface area as it progresses
toward the south.
The office levels increase as
the progress northward
allowing a large surface area
for diffused light coming from
the north.
A significant amount of natural
lighting reaching down into
"The Room" demonstrates the
success in the design of the
atrium.
Furthermore, every location in
the building is located within 7
meters from a natural source of
light.
Strategy 1 – natural lighting
Strategy 2
Break 2
Preliminary Sizing of Mechanical Systems
Preliminary estimates indicate that the Lloyd's Building with a 500,000 sq. ft. gross
area would require the following sizing in environmental control systems.
Cooling capacity: 5250 Mcal/sec
Total space for boiler and chilled water plant: 1000 sq.m
Space for cooling towers: 110 sq.m
Cooling air volume: 148 cu.m/sec
Area of main supply or return ducts: 18 sq.m
Area of branch supply or return ducts: 29 sq.m
Area of fan rooms: 950 sq.m
Area of fresh air louvers: 117 sq.m
Services data
Served & servant
Served & servant
Strategy 2 – the served and servant
It was Kahn’s notion of ‘served’ and
‘servant’ spaces inspired Rogers. In
the case of Llyods, servant spaces
concentrate in towers.
Served zone
Servant towers
with incorporation
of raised flooring
system and
ceiling viod
Strategy 2 – served &
Served zone
Servant towers with incorporation
of raised flooring system and
ceiling void
The services towers, 3 of them
principally for fire fighting and
escape.
The other 3 for lifts, lavatories and
risers, are the visual expression of
the Kahnian doctrine of ‘served
and servant spaces’
Servant tower –
plan
The towers carry majors plant rooms on top
The towers form a flexible framework for the ventilation plant,
lifts, service risers and lavatories (all the 33 lavatory units
were manufactured and fitted out) attached to them.
Four towers carry major plant-rooms, with mains services
running vertically down the towers and connected into each
level of the building.
The largest services duct contained the air-conditioning, with
lesser duct for water, drains, power and electronics
Main services running vertically down the towers
Tower – vertical planning
Typical detailed
layout services tower
Served zone
All the 33 prefabricated lavatory pods were
brought to the site on trucks and then hoisted
into position prior to linking up to the service
riser
service risers with ducts for water, drains,
power and electronics running vertically down
the towers and connected into each level of
the building
Access and escape routes were provided by
means of lifts and staircases
The largest services duct contained the airconditioning running vertically down the
towers and connected into each level of the
building.
Tower – detailed
layout
Integration
integration
Sectional detail – services
ALUZINC duct extracting air through light fittings
Insulated stainless steel ‘fish tail’ extract duct
Anodized aluminum cladding with
triple glazing and ventilation cavity
Clear double glazed window operable at office
350mm deep raise floor services plenum
600x600mm lightweight concrete filled steel
floor tiles on pedestals
Extruded aluminum grille
Insulated supply air duct
Anodized aluminum sandwich panel, 1hr FRP
Supply ductworks
Sprinkler head
Silver aluminum
light spill ring
Extracted ductworks
Black painted spun aluminum
luminaries shield
440mm deep service void
Raised fl & ceiling
void- section deatil
Air conditioning
Sub-Air
Air conditioning system
ALUZINC duct extracting air through light fittings
stale air is extracted from above
through the multi-function
luminaries
The extracted air is passed to the perimeter of the
building and forced through the triple-layered
exterior glazing – ensuring an almost zero heat
loss from the offices during the winter and
reducing heat gain in summer.
Clear double glazed window operable at office
Conditioned air is distributed
through a sub-floor plenum into
the offices
Supply ductworks
Extracted ductworks
The operable window allows individuals the ability to "acquire" fresh air if the feel it necessary. The placement of the window
encourages individuals to work while sitting rather than standing since that is where the views are held. It also allows interior light to
be reflected back into the interior during the night and diffuses direct sunlight during the day. The need to take mechanical systems
into careful consideration when designing energy conscious builidings is made evident when one compares the the overall space that
they consume in a building in relation to the human being
Air cond. & heat cycle1
Served zone
The largest services duct contained the airconditioning running vertically down the
towers and connected into each level of the
building.
Air cond.
The heat cycle
Heat from the return air is collected in the
basement sprinkler tanks and re-used. The
internal concrete soffits and slabs are ‘heat
sinks’, absorbing heat during occupation and
being cooled off overnight using naturally
chilled night air.
This allow cooling to follow a 24-hour cycle and
reduces the peak cooling requirement.
Air handling equipment is located at basement
level and in four service tower plant-rooms.
Air cond. & heat cycle2
boiler
Sub-station
generators
chillers
Air handling plants
Lower basement room
provided services for lower
basement level to G/F level
Strategy 2 -lower
Basement
Lighting
Sub-lighting
Lighting
Multi-functioned luminaries
triple glazing and ventilation cavity
ensuring an almost zero heat loss
from the offices during the winter
and reducing heat gain in summer.
Natural light come through window
Every location in the building is
located within 7 meters from a
natural source of light.
Furthermore, a significant amount
of natural lighting reaching down into
G/F through the atrium
demonstrates the success in the
design of the atrium.
Lighting
Power and electronic
Sub-power&ele
Power and electronic
350mm deep raise floor
services plenum housed the
power and electronic conduit
Power and electronic
Power and electronic
Served zone
service risers with ducts for water, drains,
power and electronics running vertically down
the towers and connected into each level of
the building
Power and electronic
Fire protection
Sub-fire
Fire protection
Sprinkler system was hold in
the ceiling void and sprinkler
heads were incorporated into
the multi-functioned luminaries
Anodized aluminum sandwich panel, 1hr FRP
Sprinkler head
Fire protection
Served zone
Access and escape routes were provided by
means of lifts and staircases
Fire protection
Structural system
Structural system
Description
The basic form of the building is that of a large atrium,
surmounted by steel and glass arched roof, surrounded by
galleries (12levels of them on the north side) which contain the
bulk of the underwriting space and a variable a mount of lettable
space, depending on the changing accommodation need of the
Llyods market itself.
The floors were constructed on reinforced concrete columns on
a 10.8x18metre grid. The load is transferred between the
columns and the floor beams by means of a pre-casted bracket.
Pre-cast ‘yokes’ cast into inverted U-beam transmit the loads of
the floor grid to the perimeter columns via the brackets.
The great columns, both the exterior of the building and within
the atrium, stand proud of the cladding, increasing the highly
articulated ‘Gothic’ effects of Llyods. External cross-braces are
actually made of steel tube concrete grid open to view.
description
Design of the atrium roof
A lightweight contrast to the concrete
superstructure of the building
Atrium Light steel roof
Columns, Beams and Floors
The floors were constructed on reinforced
concrete columns on a 10.8x18metre grid.
The load is transferred between the columns
and the floor beams by means of a precasted bracket. Pre-cast ‘yokes’ cast into
inverted U-beam transmit the loads of the
floor grid to the perimeter columns via the
brackets. The great columns, both the
exterior of the building and within the atrium,
stand proud of the cladding, increasing the
highly articulated ‘Gothic’ effects of Llyods.
External cross-braces are actually made of
steel tube concrete grid open to view.
By using beams with parallel sides and sharp arises
Rogers emphasizes that the floor is a grid not a
solid, coffered slab
floor and column
‘Yokes’
concrete bracket
Main concrete columns
In situ concrete was latter substituted. U-beams transfer the loads of the floor grid to
the columns via a bracket system
The waffle
Pre-cast concrete bracket and ‘yoke’ assemblies
Pre-cast concrete bracket
yoke
assemble
Services supports
Axonometrics of the
pre-cast concrete ‘kit of
parts’ for the sevices
towers
services support
Sectional detail - structure
Pre-cast concrete bracket
In situ concrete beam
In-situ concrete column
100mm in situ concrete slab
Permanent steel formwork
incorporating acoustic panel
Painted ductwork support bracket
Anodized Aluminum wind bracing
section
Photos
Photos
photos- Overall
A significant amount of natural lighting
reaching down into G/F demonstrates
the success in the design of the atrium.
Photos –
mains services running
vertically down the towers and
connected into each level of
the building through the raised
floor and ceiling void.
Photos -connection of the
The layers of structure, services and cladding articulate the elevation
photos - services
Servant towers with incorporation of raised flooring system and ceiling void
Photos – raised flooring system & ceiling
void
photos– in situ concrete column & precast concrete bracket
All the 33 prefabricated lavatory
pods were brought to the site on
trucks and then hoisted into position
prior to linking up to the service riser
Photos – prefabricated
lav.
Undoubtedly, the Llyods building demonstrated Richard Rogers and his
engineers’ very best skill in handling the appropriate building sevices and
structural systems.
It suits very well of the need of growth
And the future development of IT, thus the need of electronics spaces…….
It is overwhelming
Thanks Mr. Rogers. Llyods taught us a lot.
Conclusion
‘ A house is a machine for living in.’ Le Corbusier
However, is that Le Corbusier taught us to design like a machine ?
‘Do not forget architecture.’
Thanks Mr. Rogers. Llyods taught us a lot.
conclusion