Download 19. Self-Concept Throughout The Life Span, Sexuality, Spiritual

SELF-CONCEPT THROUGHOUT
THE LIFE SPAN,
SEXUALITY,
SPIRITUAL HEALTH
SELF-CONCEPT IS
an individual’s perception of self, including self-esteem,
body image, and ideal self
THE BASIC COMPONENTS OF SELFCONCEPT ARE
ideal self
 public self
 the real self
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THE IDEAL SELFIS
the person the client would like to be, such as a good, moral, and wellrespected person. Sometimes, this ideal view of how a client would
like to be conflicts with the real self (how the client really thinks
about oneself, such as “I try to be good and do what’s right, but I’m
not well respected”).
This conflict can motivate a client to make changes toward becoming
the idealself. However, the view of the ideal self needs to be realistic
and obtainable, or the client may experience anxiety or be at risk for
alterations in self-concept.
Public self is what the client thinks others think of him and
influences the ideal and real self.
Positive self-concept and good mental health results when all
three components are compatible.
A positive self-concept is an important part of a client’s happiness
and success. Individuals with a positive self concept have selfconfidence and set goals they
can achieve.
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Achieving their goals reinforces their positive self-concept. A client with a
positive self-concept is more likely to change unhealthy habits (such as
sedentary lifestyle and smoking) to promote health than a client with a negative
self-concept.
A person’s self-concept is composed of evolving subjective conscious and
unconscious self-assessments. Physical attributes, occupation, knowledge, and
abilities of the person will change throughout the life span, contributing to
changes in one’s selfconcept.
DEVELOPMENT OF SELF-CONCEPT
Various psychosocial theories have been developed to
explain the development of self-concept.
A discussion of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial
development related to self-concept follows. Erikson’s
Theory Erikson’s (1963) psychosocial theory states that
an individual’s development proceeds throughout life.
Each of his eight developmental stages includes
psychosocial tasks that need to be mastered
ERIK ERIKSON DESCRIBED DEVELOPMENT THAT OCCURS
THROUGHOUT THE LIFESPAN.
Erikson's stages of psychosocial
development
Stage 1 - Basic Trust vs. Mistrust
 Developing trust is the first task of the
ego, and it is never complete.
 The child will let mother out of sight
without anxiety and rage because she has
become an inner certainty as well as an
outer predictability.
 The balance of trust with mistrust
depends largely on the quality of
maternal relationship.
STAGE 2 - AUTONOMY VS. SHAME AND DOUBT
If denied autonomy, the child will turn against him/herself
urges to manipulate and discriminate.
 Shame develops with the child's self-consciousness.
 Doubt has to do with having a front and back -- a
"behind" subject to its own rules. Left over doubt may
become paranoia.
 The sense of autonomy fostered in the child and
modified as life progresses serves the preservation in
economic and political life of a sense of justice.
STAGE 3 - INITIATIVE VS. GUILT
Initiative adds to autonomy the quality of undertaking,
planning, and attacking a task for the sake of being active and
on the move.
 The child feels guilt over the goals contemplated and the acts
initiated in exuberant enjoyment of new locomoter and mental
powers.
 The castration complex occuring in this stage is due to the
child's erotic fantasies.
 A residual conflict over initiative may be expressed as
hysterical denial, which may cause the repression of the wish
or the abrogation of the child's ego: paralysis and inhibition, or
overcompensation and showing off.
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The Oedipal stage results not only in oppressive
establishment of a moral sense restricting the horizon of
the permissible, but also sets the direction towards the
possible and the tangible which permits dreams of early
childhood to be attached to goals of an active adult life.
 After Stage 3, one may use the whole repetoire of
previous modalities, modes, and zones for industrious,
identity-maintaining, intimate, legacy-producing, dispaircountering purposes.
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STAGE 4 - INDUSTRY VS. INFERIORITY
To bring a productive situation to completion is an aim
which gradually supersedes the whims and wishes of
play.
 The fundamentals of technology are developed
 To lose the hope of such "industrious" association may
pull the child back to the more isolated, less conscious
familial rivalry of the Oedipal time
 The child can become a conformist and thoughtless slave
whom others exploit.
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STAGE 5 - IDENTITY VS. ROLE CONFUSION (OR
"DIFFUSION")
The adolescent is newly concerned with how they appear
to others.
 Ego identity is the accrued confidence that the inner
sameness and continuity prepared in the past are matched
by the sameness and continuity of one's meaning for
others, as evidenced in the promise of a career.
 The inability to settle on a school or occupational
identity is disturbing.
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STAGE 6 - INTIMACY VS. ISOLATION
Body and ego must be masters of organ modes and of the
other nuclear conflicts in order to face the fear of ego
loss in situations which call for self-abandon.
 The avoidance of these experiences leads to isolation and
self-absorption.
 The counterpart of intimacy is distantiation, which is the
readiness to isolate and destroy forces and people whose
essence seems dangerous to one's own.
 Now true genitality can fully develop.
 The danger at this stage is isolation which can lead to
sever character problems.
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Erikson's listed criteria for "genital utopia" illustrate his
insistence on the role of many modes and modalities in
harmony:
 mutuality of orgasm
 with a loved partner
 of opposite sex
 with whom one is willing and able to share a trust, and
 with whom one is willing and able to regulate the cycles of
work, procreation, and recreation
 so as to secure to the offspring all the stages of satisfactory
development
STAGE 7 - GENERATIVITY VS. STAGNATION
Generativity is the concern in establishing and guiding
the next generation.
 Simply having or wanting children doesn't achieve
generativity.
 Socially-valued work and disciples are also expressions
of generativity.
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STAGE 8 - EGO INTEGRITY VS. DESPAIR
Ego integrity is the ego's accumulated assurance of its
capacity for order and meaning.
 Despair is signified by a fear of one's own death, as well
as the loss of self-sufficiency, and of loved partners and
friends.
 Healthy children, Erikson tells us, won't fear life if their
elders have integrity enough not to fear death.
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FACTORS AFFECTING SELF-CONCEPT
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Self-concept can be affected by an individual’s life
experences, heredity and culture, stress and coping,
health status, and developmental stage. The nurse needs
to evaluate each of these factors and the influence each
has on the client’s achievement of a healthy self-concept
A positive self-concept is important in achieving • Body image
continuously changes throughout an happiness, success, and a
healthy self-identity. individual’s growth and developmental
life stages.
 • The four main components of self-concept are • Self-esteem
is shaped by relationships with others, identity, body image,
self-esteem, and role experiences, and accomplishments in life.
 • A variety of factors affecting self-concept include life
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SPIRITUAL HEALTH IS ONE OF THE COMPONENTS OF HEALTH.
IN HOLISTIC TERMS, HEALTH INCLUDES THE COMPONENTS OF:
 Physical Health
 Emotional Health
 Intellectual Health
 Social Health
 Occupational Health and Safety
 Spiritual Health
 All of these components are interrelated and influence each
other. Only a balance among them could lead to personal
feeling of wellness and happiness. The Spiritual Health is often
the most neglected part of health, and in many cases is the
underlying reason for anomalies in the physical, emotional,
intellectual and social aspects of health.
ATTRIBUTES OF GOOD SPIRITUAL HEALTH:
Awareness of something greater than self
 Feeling of love, joy, peace, hope and fulfillment
 Regular personal relationship and experience with a higher
power or larger reality
 Sense of connectedness with everything else
 Sense of life purpose and ultimate meaning
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HOW TO ACHIEVE AND MAINTAIN GOOD SPIRITUAL HEALTH?
everyone’s path to achieving good spiritual health could be
different and evolve with time. However, the ultimate
destination is the same for everyone.
SOME COMMON IDEAS DISCUSSED IN MANY OF THE TEACHINGS
INCLUDE:
 Everyone is given an incredible creative power
 The Source of this Power is within us
 Our thoughts and words have creative power
 The reality we are experiencing at present is defined by the
thoughts we’d had in the past
 The past and future are only thought forms. The only reality is
the endless present NOW moment
The thoughts we have at the present will define the reality we
are going to experience in the future. Hence, the importance of
positive thinking, which is also the way to manifest our deepest
desires while connected to the Source within.
 Nothing in Life happens by coincidence. Life guides you – pay
attention to the NOW moment and the synchronicity signals
that Life provides.
 We can unleash our powers by being connected with the
SOURCE within us
 The Source is always open to us. We are the only ones who can
block the connection.
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SEXUALITY
Sexual health has been defined as ‘the enjoyment of
the sexual activit y of one’s choice without suffering
physical or mental harm.
 Practice nurses have a key role in the provision of sexual
health services in general practice. They may offer
familyplanning advice, do cervical smears and be the
first point of contact of women with genito-urinary
symptoms. They may also run travel, teenage and wellperson clinics.
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In these settings the ability to take a sexual history
and offer appropriate advice is important. Practice
nurses may be better placed to discuss sexual health
with patients than GPs,given their established role in
health promotion and longer consultation time
 It is, however, likely that barriers exist to dealing with
sexual health issues in practice nurse consultations.
Such barriers include lack of time, lack of
knowledge, embarrassment and poor communication
skills.
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