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SOLVING THE CRISIS
IN DARFUR –
EU AND INTERNATIONAL
RESPONSES
Pekka Haavisto
5 April 2006
Director´s Forum, Woodrow Wilson Center
What are the goals in Darfur?
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End of conflict
Security, safe return of IDP´s and refugees
Disarmament, reconstruction, reconciliation
Human rights
Freedom of expression, free press
Census (to prepare the elections)
Forming of political parties
Free elections
End of (inofficial) security organisations
Transparency in administration and budgeting
Importance of Sudan
• Biggest country in
Africa
• 40 million
inhabitants
• Arab and African
population
• Muslim, Christian
and traditional
religions
• Oil resources
Sudan
has
many
neighbours
Three conflict areas in Sudan
• North-South Civil War 1983-2005
– Peace Agreement in Naivasha 2005
– Slow implemenation of CPA
• Conflict in Darfur
– Peace talks in Abuja, Nigeria
– Violence continuing on the ground
• Eastern Sudan
– Rebel movements supported by Eritrea
– Beja Congress, Free Lions
North-South peace agreement
• 21 years of war
• 1,5 million casualties, 4 million refugees
• Comprehensive Peace Agreement
– Wealth sharing, including oil revenues
– Power sharing, e.g. First Vice-President for
Southerners
– Security, JIU and SPLA
Tragic beginning for the peace
• First Vice-President John Garang dies
in July 2005
CPA challenges
• Presence of Southern Sudan in
Khartoum
• Transparency of oil income
• Forming of Joint Integrated Units
• Referendum in 2011
• Safe return of IDP´s and refugees
• Reconstruction (or construction)
Elements in Darfur conflict
• Population in villages versus nomads
• Government of Sudan has armed arab
nomads, Janjaweed
• GoS and Janjaweed joint attacks
against villages
• 2 million IDP´s/refugees
Darfur is
the size
of
France
The Challenges of the Comprehensive
Peace Agreement
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Visibility of South-Sudan in Khartoum
Transparency of the oil revenues
Forming of the common army
Refrendum in 2011
Attitudes
Safe return of the refugees and IDP’s to
South Sudan
The Darfur Conflict
• Traditional conflict between farmers and
nomads
• The Arab-nomads, Janjaweeds, armed
by the Government of Sudan (GoS)
• The attack by the GoS and Janjaweeds
to the villages
• 2 million refugees
Assistance by the International
Community
• Massive humanitarian operation
• Food and medicine assistance to the
camps
• The peascetalks led by the African
Union in Abuja, Nigeria
• African Union peacekeeping operation
with 7000 men
• EU’s support to African Union
EU Support to Darfur
• EU humanitarian
assiatance to Darfur
EUR 289 million
EUR 136 million
directed through
ECHO, including
EUR 39.5 million for
refugees in Chad
EUR 153 million for
food aid/food security
EU support to AMIS
• EC's assistance to
AMIS has so far
amounted to EUR
162 million
• 4 Military Observers,
29 CivPol in Darfur
• 15 Military Experts
deployed in Addis
• EU police supporting the African
Union police operation in Darfur
African Union
Peacekeepers
in Darfur
African Union AMIS helicopter
Masking attempt by
the Govenment of Sudan
Darfurian rebel movements
• JEM (Justice and
Equality Movement)
– Khalil Ibrahim
• SLM/A (Sudan
Liberation
Movement/Army)
– Minni Minawi
– Abdul Wahid
Negotiations
with SLA
rebels in
Darfur
Janjaweed
• Arab nomads armed
by the Government
of Sudan
• Attacks to the Darfur
villages with the
GoS airforce
• Human rights
violations
Violations against Human Rights
and War Crimes
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Genocide or not?
UN has listed 51 potential criminals
UN sanctions against individuals?
ICC, International Criminal Court (5
leaders from Lord Resistance Army,
LRA listed)
Refugee situation
• 2 million refugees in the
camps in Darfur
• Return to villages often
impossible
• In camps there are
schools and medical
care
• Camps as recruitment
area of the rebels
• Urbanization process
Demostrations
agains the UN in
Nyala,
Darfur
Peace talks in Abuja
• African Union in
lead (Amb. Salim
Ahmed Salim)
• EU supporting
• 3 sectors:
– wealth
– power
– security
Abuja talks: Wealth sharing
• Draft protocol almost ready
• Pending issues include:
– Compensations (individual?)
– Allocation formula
– Percentages
Abuja talks: Power sharing
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Region (3 states or 1 region)
Borders (1.1.1956 boundaries)
Presidency (Vice-President)
Representation in Khartoum State
Ministers / Parliamentarias
Darurian representation in civil
service
Abuja talks: Security I
• Enhanced Humanitarian CeaseFire Agreement:
• Disengagement (maps of areas of
control)
• Redeployment (areas where troops
can be monitored by AMIS)
• Janjaweed (GoS to have
responsibility)
Abuja talks: Security II
• Protection of Civilians (more robust)
• Security of Humanitarian Supply
Routes (demilitarized routes)
• Bridging Provisions (bridge to final
security arrangements, like
integration of comabatants,
disarmament, demobilization and
reintegration (DDR)
Abuja talks: Challenges
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Disarming Janjaweed (GoS)
Zones of Redeployment (rebels)
Controlling IDP camps (GoS)
Sudan and Chad border (GoS)
Merging of the rebel troops to Sudan
Armed Forces (GoS)
• Darfur-Darfur talks (GoS, rebels)
Sudan challenges
• Implementation of the North-South
Peace-agreement
• New areas of conclict: East, Lord
Resistance Army LRA
• Darfur Peace-agreement and its
implementation, UN operation
• Equal sharing of the wealth
What can we do?
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Humanitarian Assistance
Development cooperation
NGO’s
EU’s support to AU and UN
peacekeeping and police operations
• EU’s support to Abuja Process
• Pressure to the parties to comply with
peace agreements
Thank you.