Download Homo Sapiens

 Turn in the following items from your homework:
 Answers from video reading
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around and check them as you work
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 Begin to work individually on the ½ sheet on the Jared
Diamond reading
• Homo Erectus
• Homo Sapiens Sapiens= wise beings
• Characteristics of Homo Sapiens
o Simple tool use
o Use of fire
o Development of culture- system of beliefs to
explain environment and social behavior
 Push Factor- Reasons people to move from the region
they live in
 Examples: water source dries up, natural disaster, war,
no economic opportunity, political repression
 Pull Factor- Attracts people to move to a certain place
 Examples: better farm land, better jobs, stable
government
• Major developments- development of
Agriculture and cities
• Why did Agriculture develop?
Need- population increase from end of ice age
meant people had to be more creative about
finding food
o Hunting yield declined with end of ice age
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 Nomadic
 Limited to what could be carried
 Yields less food, no surplus
 More variety in diet; healthier
 Children spaced four years apart
 Less disease from sparse populations and no
domesticated animals
 No formal government or social structure
 Egalitarian- no social structure, gender inequality
 Less development of technology
• Ability to settle in one place and focus on
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economic, political, and religious goals
Population increase
Domesticated animals could be used for food
and clothing
Greater wealth led to specialization and in turn
inventions
Note- hunting-and-gathering people couldn’t
compete and often died off from diseases from
agricultural societies
 Began around 11,000 BCE
 Ability to farm and domesticate animals
 Had food surpluses which could be stored
 More dependent on crops, less biodiversity, less healthy
 Shorter birth interval
 Dense population
 More disease due to contact with domesticated animals
 Humans begin to claim territories and not share
 Eventually leads to cities
 Need for authority; governments, armies, laws
 Need for priests
 Specialization in jobs
 Writing
 Social stratification and social status
 Inequality between men and women
 Fewer people live the good life
 More technology
 Produced “civilizations”
Time
10,000 BCE
5,000 BCE
3,000 BCE
2,000 BCE
1,000 BCE
500 BCE
World Population
4 million
5 million
14 million
27 million
50 million
100 million
• Began in the Middle East about 4000
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BCE
Metal tools allowed farmers to work more
efficiently
Allowed for more specialization
Better weapons
Increased knowledge of metals and
metalworking
• "society with enough economic surplus to form
divisions of labor and social heirarchy"
• could have more complex political structure
• writing
• could have cities
• Civilizations really date only to 3500 BCE
• Characteristics of early civilizations
o writing
o formal codes of law
o city planning
o institutions for trade (incl. money)
• Catal Huyuk- Neolithic
village in southern
Turkey around 7000
BCE.
o religious structures
o stable economy and
trade
o some specialization in
trade
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Middle East
developed from scratch - did not imitate
Sumerians developed cuneiform (first known case of writing)
made developments in math and science to better farm
developed complex religious rituals and towers of worship
called ziggurats
politcal organization- city-state ruled by a king who claimed
divine authority
evolution of slavery
region was difficult to defend and eventually succombed to
the Akkadians and then the Babylonians
Babylonians extended the civilization and the famous King
Hammurabi introduced the first early code of law,
Hammurabi's code
invasions of hunting and herding groups common
• formed by 3000 BCE in
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northern Africa
Egypt able to maintain unified
state because of location
Pharoah had immense power
Government directed economy
more
architecture- pyramids
While science and writing not
as developed as in the TigrisEuphrates civilization, math
and art more advanced
• 2500 BCE along the Indus
River- Harrapa and
Mohenjo Daro
• developed distinctive
writing and art
• some trading contacts
with Mesopotamia
• architecture- houses had
running water
• 2500-2000 BCE
• developed in considerable
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isolation
carefully organized state
regulated flooding of the
yellow river
advanced technology
elaborate intellectual life,
including writing and
astronomy
By 1500, Shang ruled the
region
 2500s BCE- 400s CE
 Not in a river valley
 Exceptional wealth,
technical efficiency
 Artistic creativity
(colossal heads, jade
carvings)
 Little evidence of
war/violence
 Laid foundations for
calendars, writing,
systems, math
 900 BCE – 250 BCE
 Not in a river valley, but in a
mountain and diffused over
large area (pol. Organized)
 Had llama to help with food and
transport
 Metallurgy, high quality textiles
 Religion spread to Mesoamerica
(jaguars, snakes, hawks, eagles)
architecture
art
wheel
basic mathematics concepts
divisions of time
alphabets and writing