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Baumeister & Tice Chapter 5 Female Sex Drive Sex Drive Motives, desire • Women < men? Capacity • Women can have multiple Os & partners, sex after O Enjoyment • Little difference Evidence of Weaker Sex Drive Thinking Arousal Urge strength # partners • Even among dating/married Sex initiation Attitudes • M more positive Same sex f • Gay couples > lesbian Masturbation Pornography Fantasy Ellis & Symons (1990) Fantasize > 1,000 people: Male Female Fantasy includes explicit sex: Male: Female Fantasy focuses on: Male: Female Yes No 32% 8% 68% 92% 48% 17% Visual 81% 43% Feelings 19% 57% Clark & Hatfield (1989) Sexual receptivity gender difference? Study 1 (1978) & Study 2 (1982) • • • • 5 college women, 4 college men were Es Average attractiveness Ps = 48 men, 48 women Florida State University Clark & Hatfield (1989) Procedure E approached attractive opposite sex stranger & said • ‘I have been noticing you around campus. I find you to be very attractive. Would you go to bed with me tonight?’ – Recorded Yes or No Clark & Hatfield (1989) Study Male Female 1 (1978) Yes 75% 0% Study Male Female 2 (1982) Yes 69% 0% Class Data 03 (N = 103, Females = 74) Item Think sex/month Fantasize/month Fantasize-partner Aroused/month Sex drive (1-5) Masturbate/week Video porn/year Desired frequency/month Actual frequency/month Actual-Desired f Sex with stranger Male 333 146 37,482/80 46 4.27 4.89 45.39 20.88 7.48 -13.11 1.41 (59% = YES) Female 34 12 6 17 3.51 2.29 4.02 16.51 9.44 -7.17 1.69 (28% = YES) p .001 .05 .003 .001 .001 .02 .001 ns ns .06 .01 Class Data 04 (N = 93, Females = 71) Item Think sex/month Fantasize/month Fantasize-partner Aroused/month Sex drive (1-5) Masturbate/week Video porn/year Desired frequency/month Actual frequency/month Actual-Desired f Sex with stranger Male 161 69.95 90.85 44.71 3.95 4.24 14.68 21.43 6.10 -15.33 1.48 (43% = YES) Female 53.57 14.09 9.09 17.34 3.33 1.97 6.74 15.62 9.52 -7.44 1.74 (25% = YES) p .03 .001 .003 .001 .01 .001 .04 .08 ns .03 .03 Why a Weaker Sex Drive? Socio-Biological explanations Evolution: Sex is biological destiny • Alpha male for limited time • Higher sex drive ~ more reproduction • Females no advantage for high sex drive – 1 pregnancy/year Controlled via hormones like testosterone Why a Weaker Sex Drive? Cultural explanations: Sex is learned Cultural scripts and norms • Gender appropriate behavior rewarded • Gender inappropriate behavior punished – Learning theory: Behavior producing reward will occur more frequently in future • Behave sexually in ways that maximize rewards and minimize punishment – Culturally and historically relative (e.g., 1970s) Fantasy Content Active v. passive • Men active doers, women passive recipients Explicit v. emotional imagery • Men explicit, women emotional, narrative Multiple partner fantasy • More common for men Dominance fantasy • More common for men Fantasy Content Submission fantasy: More common for women – Sexual power (of woman) explanation • She is so irresistible man can not control his lust – Guilt explanation • Not to blame for sex – Social conditioning explanation • Societal eroticization of female submission – Sexual abuse explanation • Associated dominance/submission w/ arousal Why a Weaker Sex Drive? Social exchange theory (SET) • Women exchange sex for resources from men – Motivated to keep ‘price’ for sex as high as possible • Lower sex drive makes sex scarce & valuable – Scarcity theory: Rare things are considered valuable • Increases female negotiating position – She has something He wants – Maximizes ‘price’ Why? Biology* & Culture Evidence for biology • No cultural variation Group Activity III: Sex Drive Groups of 4-5 (mixed gender) address Q • Write down group Rs • Summarize for class • Please turn in at end of class Group Activity III: Sex Drive Define sex drive Describe (at least) 2 sources of evidence for the gender difference in sex drive Is it a problem when sexual partners differ on sex drive? Why/why not? Female Sex Drive Picture of weak sex drive accurate? • Implies an antipathy towards sex – Not important, meaningful in woman’s life • Really no adaptive advantage for females? Females may be more active in obtaining, controlling & regulating sex than generally acknowledged Sperm Wars (Baker, 1996) Emerging view of evolutionary biologists • Sexuality programmed by evolutionary forces – Still impacts sexuality today – Bodies, not consciousness in control – Bodies use brains to regulate sexuality • Hormones, moods, arousal, receptivity • Programming caused by sperm warfare – Sperm from > 1 male competing for fertilization – 4%, since 1900 all have ancestor that won! Sperm Wars Female reproductive strategies/sexuality evolved to promote sperm warfare* • Obtain healthiest sperm/genes Male reproductive strategies/sexuality evolved to fight/prevent sperm warfare • Best chance of fertilizing egg, passing genes on, & avoiding cuckoldry Sperm Wars Paints a picture of females as in control of their sexuality (even if they don’t realize it) • When they conceive, how often & with whom Strategies to control fertility = modern day sexuality (for males & females) – Routine sex – Cervical filter – Masturbation & orgasms – Infidelity Females & Routine Sex Not for procreation Average couple will have sex 2,000-3,000 times in their lifetime • Vast majority have < 7-8 kids • 500 episodes of sex/kid Sex drive does not cease post-fertile years Females & Routine Sex Developed as part of reproductive strategy • Confuse males about fertility • Hidden & inconsistent menstrual cycle • Control when & with whom they conceive Routine sex most common after ovulation • Pill produces similar effects implicating hormones Cervical Filter (CF) Ejaculate comes to rest in a coagulating seminal pool at floor of vagina • Cervix expands, dips into vagina during intercourse & following insemination rests on the vaginal floor in seminal pool • Cervical mucus contains channels through which sperm travel to uterus & egg Cervical Filter (CF) Nature of mucus changes • # channels, channel size, flow rate, blockages Infertile phase few channels & > blockages • Hinders passage of sperm Fertile phase more, larger, clearer channels • Makes sperm passage easier Cervix acts as a filter for sperm Cervical Filter (CF) Ability to change strength of CF critical to reproductive control/success • Flow-back: In ~15 minutes seminal pool decoagulates & is ejected out vagina – Average CF = 50% of sperm – Strong CF ejects ~90% – Weak CF ejects ~10% • Female body controls how many sperm are kept Masturbation & Orgasm Great range of female orgasm 80% masturbate (Average = 1/week: Class M = 2.29) • Stimulate clitoris w/ fingers (to orgasm) – Not designed for intercourse (~10% have O) • Class: M = 61% F = 39% have O during intercourse – Biologically developed as self-stimulation (fertility) • Orgasms critical for reproductive success – Evolved to have a reproductive function Orgasm & Cervical Filter Orgasm: Cervix gapes & dips into vagina • Increases mucus flow from cervix to vagina – Ejects cervical debris (sperm which block channels) • Increases acidity of mucus (killing sperm) Orgasm strength during masturbation increases CF Orgasm & Cervical Filter Orgasm during intercourse weakens CF – Only after insemination (< 1 hour) • Cervix widens opening new channels • Cervix dips up & down into seminal pool • Vaginal contractions suck semen into channels O during intercourse 50% - 90% sperm retained No O during intercourse 0%-50% sperm retained Orgasm & Cervical Filter Female body prepares for next intercourse • Orgasm before not during w/ routine partner – Strengthen filer • No orgasm before but during w/ infidelity – Weakens filter Females control w/ whom she conceives Orgasm & Cervical Filter Masturbation more likely before routine sex than before infidelity Nocturnal orgasms more likely before routine sex than before infidelity 22% of time orgasms during sex w/ routine partner • 33% of time orgasms during sex w/ lover Female Infidelity Females want (evolutionarily speaking) • 1. Long-term mate and provider/care-giver • 2. Short-term mate to supply good genes for conception Infidelity Characteristics associated w/ these differ • 1. Long-term: Stable, nurturing, loyal, resourceful, ambitious, status, wealth • 2. Short-term: Healthy, symmetrical features, broad shoulders, smart, small waist Features most attractive changes w/ cycle • Scent of symmetrical, masculine men more attractive during fertile phase of cycle • Only for short-term mates Item IQ Emotional Stability Honesty Wealth 9.25 Health Kind Weight 7.82 Religion Race Attractive Height Family Long 3.20 3.50 2.17 Short 5.09 5.93 5.21 8.25 6.64 2.82 < .05 5.42 4.56 4.37 8.00 8.52 5.10 8.34 8.47 p < .05 < .05 < .05 < .05 < .05 < .05 9.70 8.09 1.84 5.44 9.98 < .05 ns < .05 < .05 < .05 Infidelity Females often compromise • Marry 1 & have affair with 2 – 10% of children not sired by rearing father • Even higher among low-status males • Adaptive for females to be promiscuous/cheat – Promotes sperm warfare • Regulate their routine sex & masturbation routines to maximize chance of conception w/ lover rather than partner Sperm Wars Conclusion Sexuality programmed by sperm wars Sexuality among females evolved to promote sperm warfare Females control reproduction • With whom & when conception occurs Suppression of Female Sexuality 1. Mild sex drive - null Ho1 • No suppression at all • Problem: History replete w/ suppression – Chastity belts 2. Dangers - null Ho2 • Pregnancy, disease & death • Females suppressed themselves • Problem: Some forms of sex less dangerous but still prohibited (oral sex) Suppression of Female Sexuality 3. Male conspiracy & victim feminism • • • • Ensure fidelity, superiority or paternity Fear/envy female sexuality Squelch disruptive sexuality Problem: Most men desire liberal sexuality Suppression of Female Sexuality 4. Female conspiracy & agentic feminism SET: Women give men sex for resources • Liberal sexuality drops value of sexual favors • Restrain female sexuality ensures sex value – Increases benefits they get from men – Reduces chances of male infidelity Problem: Sexual revolution reduced advant • More non-sex resources less suppression Group Activity: Evidence Grab a partner and pick one of the sources of evidence and: • Summarize evidence (1 paragraph) • Which theory does it support? (male or female) • Please turn this in at end of class Class Discussion IV: Evidence 1. Power differences 2. Female sexuality 3. Infibulation & Subincision 4. Sexual revolution Evidence 1. Power differences • Female conspiracy ~Yes • Male conspiracy ~ Maybe 2. Female sexuality • Female conspiracy Yes! • Male conspiracy - NO! 3. Infibulation • Female conspiracy ~Yes • Male conspiracy NO! 4. Sexual revolution • Female conspiracy ~Yes • Male conspiracy NO! Conclusion Female sexuality complicated but not necessarily weaker • Stronger in some ways than males – Females suppressing own sexuality? Various theoretical accounts for gender differences • Social v. evolutionary accounts