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Chapter 5
Tissues and Histology
• Tissues - collections of similar WHAT??? and the substances
surrounding them
• Tissue classification based on structure of these, composition
of nonstuff extracellular matrix, and this function
• Major types of adult ones include
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous
• Histology: Microscopic Study of This
– Biopsy: removal of t--- for diagnostic purposes
– Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to
determine cause of death
Chapter 5
Tissues and Histology
• Tissues - collections of similar cells and the substances
surrounding them
• Tissue classification based on structure of cells, composition
of noncellular extracellular matrix, and cell function
• Major types of adult tissues
– E?
– C?
– M?
– N?
• Histology: Microscopic Study of Tissues
– Biopsy: removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
– Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to
determine cause of death
Chapter 5
Tissues and Histology
• Tissues - collections of similar cells and the substances
surrounding them
• Tissue classification based on structure of cells, composition
of noncellular extracellular matrix, and cell function
• Major types of adult tissues
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous
• Histology: M??????? Study of Tissues
– Biopsy: removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
– Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to
determine cause of death
Chapter 5
Tissues and Histology
• Tissues - collections of similar cells and the substances
surrounding them
• Tissue classification based on structure of cells, composition
of noncellular extracellular matrix, and cell function
• Major types of adult tissues
– Epithelial
– Connective
– Muscle
– Nervous
• Histology: Microscopic Study of Tissues
– Biopsy: removal of tissues for diagnostic purposes
– Autopsy: examination of organs of a dead body to
determine cause of death
Embryonic Tissue
•
3 major germ layers that form the embryonic disc (source of stem cells)
– Endoderm
• Inner layer
• Forms lining of digestive tract and derivatives
– Mesoderm
• Middle layer
• Forms tissues as such muscle, bone, blood vessels
– Ectoderm
• Outer layer
• Forms skin and neuroectoderm
I. E????? Tissue
• Cellularity - Consists almost
entirely of cells
• Covers body surfaces, lines
hollow organs, and forms glands
– Outside surface of the body
– Lining of digestive, respiratory
and urogenital systems
– Heart and blood vessels
– Linings of many body cavities
• Specialized cell contacts bind
adjacent cells together
• Avascular - no blood vessels
• Regenerative -Replaces lost cells
by cell division
I. Epithelial Tissue
• Cellularity - Consists almost
entirely of ????
• Covers body s?????, lines hollow
organs, and forms glands
– Outside surface of the body
– Lining of digestive, respiratory
and urogenital systems
– Heart and blood vessels
– Linings of many body cavities
• Specialized cell contacts bind
adjacent cells together
• Avascular - no blood vessels
• Regenerative -Replaces lost cells
by cell division
I. Epithelial Tissue
• Cellularity - Consists almost
entirely of cells
• Covers body surfaces, lines
hollow organs, and forms
glands
– Outside surface of the body
– Lining of digestive, respiratory
and urogenital systems
– Heart and blood vessels
– Linings of many body cavities
• Specialized cell contacts bind
adjacent cells together
• Avascular - no blood vessels
• Regenerative -Replaces lost cells
by cell division
Functions of Epithelia
• P?????? underlying structures; e.g.,
epithelium lining the mouth
• Acting as barriers; e.g., skin
• Permitting the passage of substances; e.g.,
cells lining air sacs in lungs and nephrons in
kidney
• S?????? substances; e.g., pancreatic cells
• A?????? substances; e.g., lining of stomach
and small intestine
Functions of Epithelia
• Protecting underlying structures; e.g.,
epithelium lining the mouth
• Acting as barriers; e.g., skin
• Permitting the passage of substances; e.g.,
cells lining air sacs in lungs and nephrons in
kidney
• Secreting substances; e.g., pancreatic cells
• Absorbing substances; e.g., lining of
stomach and small intestine
Special Characteristics of
Epithelia
Figure 4.1
Classification of Epithelium
• Number of layers of cells
– S?????- one layer of cells. Each extends from
basement membrane to the free surface
– S?????????- more than one layer.
– Pseudostratified- tissue appears to be stratified,
but all cells contact basement membrane so it is in
fact simple
• Shape of cells
– Sq???????- flat, scale-like
– Cuboidal- about equal in height and width
– Co???????- taller than wide
Classification of Epithelium
• Number of layers of cells
– Simple- one layer of cells. Each extends from
basement membrane to the free surface
– Stratified- more than one layer.
– Pseudostratified- tissue appears to be stratified,
but all cells contact basement membrane so it is in
fact simple
• Shape of cells
– Squamous- flat, scale-like
– Cuboidal- about equal in height and width
– Columnar- taller than wide
Classifications of Epithelia
Simple Squamous Epithelium
Figure 4.3a
Simple Cuboidal Epithelium
Figure 4.3b
Simple Columnar Epithelium
Figure 4.3c
Pseudostratified Ciliated
Columnar Epithelium
Figure 4.3d
Stratified Epithelia
•
•
•
•
Contain two or more layers of cells
Regenerate from below
Major role is protection
Are named according to the shape of
cells at apical layer
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
• Description
– Many layers of cells – squamous in shape
– Deeper layers of cells appear cuboidal or
columnar
– Thickest epithelial tissue – adapted for
protection
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
• Specific types
– Keratinized – contain the protective protein
keratin
• Surface cells are dead and full of keratin
– Non-keratinized – forms moist lining of
body openings
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
• Function – Protects underlying tissues
in areas subject to abrasion
• Location
– Keratinized – forms epidermis
– Non-keratinized – forms lining of
esophagus, mouth, and vagina
Stratified Squamous
Epithelium
Figure 4.3e
Transitional Epithelium
Figure 4.3h
Epithelium: Glandular
• A gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes
an aqueous fluid
• Two types of glands formed by infolding of epithelium:
– Endocrine: no contact with exterior of body; ductless; produce
hormones (pituitary, thyroid, adrenals, pancreas)
– Exocrine: open to exterior of body via ducts (sweat, oil)
• Exocrine glands classified either by structure or by the
method of secretion
• Classified by structure
– Unicellular: goblet cells
– Multicellular: sweat, oil, pituitary, adrenal
Multicellular Exocrine Glands
• Classified on the basis of types of
ducts or mode of secretion
• Types of ducts
– Simple: ducts with few
branches
– Compound: ducts with many
branches
• If ducts end in tubules or
sac-like structures: acini.
Pancreas
• If ducts end in simple
sacs: alveoli. Lungs
Name this type of Tissue
• Most diverse and abundant tissue
• Main classes
–
–
–
–
tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Blood
• Characteristics
– Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
(mesenchyme derived from mesoderm)
– Varying degrees of vascularity
– Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground
substance and fibers
– Cells are not as abundant nor as tightly packed together
as in epithelium
Connective Tissue
• Most diverse and abundant tissue
• Main classes
–
–
–
–
Connective tissue proper
C?
B?
B?
• Characteristics
– Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
(mesenchyme derived from mesoderm)
– Varying degrees of vascularity
– Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground
substance and fibers
– Cells are not as abundant nor as tightly packed
together as in epithelium
Connective Tissue
• Most diverse and abundant tissue
• Main classes
–
–
–
–
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone tissue
Blood
• Characteristics
– Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin
(mesenchyme derived from mesoderm)
– Varying degrees of vascularity
– Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground
substance and fibers
– Cells are not as abundant nor as tightly packed
together as in epithelium
Connective Tissue: Embryonic Origin
Figure 4.5
Functions of Connective Tissue
• Enclose organs as a capsule and separate
organs into layers. Areolar
• Connect tissues to one another. Tendons and
ligaments.
• ?????. Bones.
• Storage. Fat.
• Insulation. Fat.
• T???????. Blood.
• P????????. Bone, cells of the immune
system.
Functions of Connective Tissue
• Enclose organs as a capsule and separate
organs into layers. Areolar
• Connect tissues to one another. Tendons and
ligaments.
• Support and movement. Bones.
• Storage. Fat.
• Insulation. Fat.
• Transport. Blood.
• Protection. Bone, cells of the immune system.
Structural Elements of Connective Tissue
• Ground substance – unstructured
material that fills the space between cells
• Fibers – collagen, elastic, or reticular
• Cells – fibroblasts, chondroblasts,
osteoblasts, hematopoietic stem cells,
and others
Areolar Connective Tissue
Figure 4.12b
Adipose Tissue
Figure 4.12c
Reticular Connective Tissue
Figure 4.12d
Dense Irregular Connective
Tissue
Figure 4.12e
Dense Regular Connective
Tissue
Figure 4.12f
Elastic Connective Tissue
• Bundles and sheets of collagenous and elastic fibers
oriented in multiple directions
• In walls of elastic arteries (aorta), lungs, vocal
ligaments
• Strong, yet elastic; allows for recoil of tissue after
being stretched
Hyaline Cartilage
Figure 4.12g
Elastic Cartilage
Figure 4.12h
Fibrocartilage
Figure 4.12i
Bone Tissue
Figure 4.12j
Blood Tissue
Figure 4.12k
Name this type of Tissue
• Characteristics
– Cells are referred to as fibers
– Contracts or shortens with force when
stimulated
– Moves entire body and pumps blood
• Types
– Skeletal: attached to bones
– Cardiac: of the heart.
– Smooth: associated with tubular structures
and with the skin. Nonstriated and
involuntary.
Muscle Tissue
• Characteristics
– Cells are referred to as fibers
– Contracts or shortens with force when
stimulated
– Moves entire body and pumps blood
• Types
– S???????:attached to bones
– C??????: muscle of the heart.
– S?????: muscle associated with tubular
structures and with the skin. Nonstriated and
involuntary.
Muscle Tissue
• Characteristics
– Cells are referred to as fibers
– Contracts or shortens with force when
stimulated
– Moves entire body and pumps blood
• Types
– Skeletal:attached to bones
– Cardiac: muscle of the heart.
– Smooth: muscle associated with tubular
structures and with the skin. Nonstriated and
involuntary.
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Figure 4.14a
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Figure 4.14b
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Figure 4.14c
Name this type of Tissue
Figure 4.15
Nervous Tissue
Figure 4.15
Tissues and Aging
• Cells divide more slowly
• Collagen fibers become more irregular in structure, though
they may increase in number
– Tendons and ligaments become less flexible and more fragile
• Elastic fibers fragment, bind to calcium ions, and become
less elastic
– Arterial walls and elastic ligaments become less elastic
• Changes in collagen and elastin result in
– Atherosclerosis and reduced blood supply to tissues
– Wrinkling of the skin
– Increased tendency for bones to break
• Rate of blood cell synthesis declines in the elderly
• Injuries don’t heal as readily