Download New England Colonies

Unit One: Colonial Era
English Colonies
 England developed three types of colonies in North
America
 Royal colony – a colony controlled by king or queen.
 Proprietary colony – a colony owned by a person or
family.
 Corporate colony – a colony controlled by a joint stock
company.
GPS
SSUSH1 The student will describe European
settlement in North America during the 17th
century.
 a. Explain Virginia’s development; include the Virginia
Company, tobacco cultivation, and relationships with
Native Americans such as Powhatan, development of
the House of Burgesses, Bacon’s Rebellion, and the
development of slavery.
Virginia’s Development
Jamestown (1607)
 King James I granted the Virginia company (also known as the
London Company) a charter.
 Joint stock companies were the forerunners of corporations.
 They established Jamestown, the first permanent English
colony in North America.
 The colony faced severe hardships


Location- was swampy along the James River.
They faced Indian attacks, famine, and disease.
 Many were gentlemen from England with no skills

Law of Primogeniture – only the first son could inherit their
father’s wealth.
 Small food supplies causing colonists to nearly starve.
John Smith
 Under the leadership of John Smith, the colony started
to survive but John Smith left the colony because of
battle injuries in 1609.
 Starving time
 In the winter of 1609-10, Jamestown settlers faced a
harsh winter. They eat dogs, cats, and sometimes each
other in order to survive. By spring, the settlers were
preparing to abandon the colony when supplies and
more settlers arrived. Only 63 of the original settlers
survived the “starving time.”
Tobacco Cultivation
 Tobacco – Cash crop
 For two year, the colony barely survived until John Rolfe
discovered a way to cure tobacco to make it profitable
for the Virginia company.
 Parliament and the Commonwealth forbade the colonist
for selling their tobacco to anyone but England.
Problems with Tobacco Cultivation
 Problems

Tobacco is labor intensive and there were labor shortages
 Solutions
 Indentured servitude
 Head right system
 Slavery
Development of slavery
 Tobacco required a lot of labor/Problem there was a
labor shortage.
Development of Slavery in
Jamestown
In 1619, a Dutch ship
presented 20 African
Americans to Jamestown
selling them as indentured
servants – people who work
for 7 to 10 years in the hopes
of receiving a new start or
land at the end of the
contract.
However, African were slowly placed into slavery.
 In 1630 – some Africans were enslaved while others were
indentured.
 By 1640 – African-Americans were not allowed to carry
guns.
 By 1692 – blacks no longer could own horses or cattle.
 By the 1700s – ½ the labor force in Jamestown was either
indentured servants or slaves.
1619 – House of Burgesses
 Also, the House of
Burgesses was formed in
Virginia in 1619. It was the
first representative
assembly in America.
Bacon’s Rebellion, 1676
 The first stirring of “revolutionary feeling” in the New
World.
William Berkeley
 Settlers of the western
frontier faced attack from
Native Americans and
complained to the
Governor William Berkeley.
Berkeley ordered an
investigation, but little was
done.
Picture of Nathaniel
Bacon
Nathaniel Bacon – a farmer and landowner – was angry
with his poor efforts and raised a loose army to attack
largely peaceful Native American settlements.
Results of Bacon’s Rebellion
 The rebellion ended when Bacon died of fever.
 This showed the divisions between the poor and
the rich in the colony.
 Sharp class differences were exposed between wealthy
planters and poor frontiers men or the landless.
 Colonial resistance to royal control.
Versus
Native Americans and Jamestown
 England’s pattern of conquest with the Native
Americans involved their relationship with Ireland.
Therefore, they developed a harsh attitude towards the
Native Americans.
Relationship with the Native
Americans
Jamestown lost its charter
 In 1624, the bankrupt Virginia Company lost its charter
and Jamestown became a royal colony.
GPS
SSUSH1b
 Describe the settlement of New England including
religious reasons, relations with Native Americans
including King Philip’s War, the establishment of town
meetings and development of a legislature, religious
tensions that led to colonies such as Rhode Island, the
half-way covenant, Salem Witch Trials, and the loss of
Massachusetts charter.
Describe the settlement of New
England including religious reasons
Puritans
 Puritans believed they had to purify the Anglican
Church (Church of England) of Catholic practices
 Their original colonies were Plymouth and the second
was Massachusetts Bay colony.
 Puritan were viewed by King James I of England as a
threat to his religious and political authority. He
ordered many of them jailed.
Plymouth Colony, 1620
 Those who settled the Plymouth Colony wanted to do
more than purify the Anglican church from within
they formed a completely separate church.
Separatists
 They were also called
Separatists because
they separated from the
Anglican Church and
moved to the
Netherlands before
establishing Plymouth
Colony in what is now
Massachusetts.
Voyage of the Mayflower
 Worried that their children were becoming
“Dutchified” They received permission from the
Virginia Company to establish a colony in America.
 In 1620, a small group set sail on the Mayflower.
 The ship was blown off course and landed not in
Virginia but off the Massachusetts coast.
Plymouth Colony,
1621
Mayflower Compact
Mayflower
Compact was
written when the
Pilgrim created and
signed a document
pledging they would
make a decision to
follow majority
rule.
 Separatists AKA Pilgrims.
 Their first winter was difficult. Native Americans help
them settle at Plymouth.
 Under the leadership of Miles Standish and Governor
William Bradford, the colony grew slowly.
Plymouth colony
 Fish, furs, and lumber became the important parts of
its economy.
 The colony would eventually be overtaken by
Massachusetts Bay colony.
Massachusetts Bay Colony, 1630
 In 1629, a group of English Puritan (not Separatists)
gained a royal charter to establish a colony.
 In 1630, they established the Massachusetts Bay
Colony and founded Boston and several other towns.
 John Winthrop was their leader
 Unlike the other colonies, their charter stated that
their government would be in colonies.
 A Great Migration occurred when the English Civil
War (1642-1649) drove people to Massachusetts Bay
Colony
England allowed its American colonies a certain degree of selfrule
Majority rule in Plymouth
 Mayflower Compact
 Town meeting were encouraged where
all white landowning and Protestant
males had a voice in politics.
 Representative Governments in Massachusetts
Massachusetts Bay Colony and Plymouth Colony
merged
Limitations to democracy
 Only (white) male property owners could vote.
 Religious restrictions were in place in many places.
 Females and those that were landless had practically
no rights.
 Slaves and Indentured servants had no rights.
 Governors often ruled with absolute power answering
only to the monarch or those who paid their salary.
 There was wide spread misuse of Native Americans.
Salem Witch Trials
 In 1692, several young women claimed that the devil
had possessed them and blamed several elderly
women in the community. The trials called the Salem
Witch Trials occurred to determine the women’s guilt.
Salem Witch Trials (cont.)
 Twenty men and women were executed. After a few
months, the people lost their excitement over the
trials. However, the damage was done.
 The Puritan church would suffer because of the trials.
Half-Way Covenant
 To be member of the Puritan church, a
person had to give a verbal testimony to
an “experience of grace.” Even if you
were baptized, a person had to have an
experience of faith.
 Those who were not members of the church,
could not vote or baptize their children.
Therefore the size of the church remained
small. The Half-Way Covenant was offered
by some preachers (clergy) to those who
professed limited religious commitment.
 In other words, people could take part in the
church service without formally declaring
their total belief in God.
 Many hated this practice, but as time passed
the strict Puritan ways began to weaken.
Also, church size increased.
King Philip’s War
 In (1675-1676), Metacom (aka King
Philip) united a group of Native
Americans to fight the New
England settlers whose increasing
population had been slowly taking
their lands.
 Thousands on both sides were
killed.
 The New Englanders won, killed
King Philip, and basically ended
Native American resistance in New
England.
Rhode Island
Roger Williams:
 Believed one should not
be punished for
worshipping or not
worshiping.
 Help to found
Providence, RI
New England:
Led to colonies such as Rhode
Island
Anne Hutchinson:
 One does not need a
minister or church to
talk to God.
 Help to found Rhode
Island.
New England Colonies:
The loss of the Massachusetts
charter.
 Charter-document granting an area/group specific
rights; laws
Loss of Charter: Cont.
The British King took the charter away
 Massachusetts – losses its independent colony.
 Reason: to gain more control over trade.
Combined all of New England colonies into one
territory.
Colonist did not like the loss of their charter.
 c. Explain the development of the mid-Atlantic
colonies; include the Dutch settlement of New
Amsterdam and subsequent English takeover, and the
settlement of Pennsylvania.
Explain the development of the
mid-Atlantic colonies
 The Dutch settlement of New Amsterdam and
subsequent English takeover
 The Dutch controlled New Netherlands (today New
York)

New York City was called New Amsterdam (Amsterdam is the
capital of the Netherlands.)
 Owners: Dutch, then French, then English aka British.
 The Dutch accepted diversity (other religions)
Mid-Atlantic Colonies:
Pennsylvania
 Pennsylvania
 Founded by William Penn, a
wealthy Quaker
 A Quaker AKA Society of
Friends


They were Protestants who
believed that men and
women were equal in God’s
eyes
Later, many will become
abolitionists.
Analyze the impact of location and place for the southern, middle,
and New England colonies regarding their colonies settlement,
transportation, economic development
Southern colonies
 Virginia, 1607
 Maryland, 1636
 North Carolina,
 South Carolina,
 Georgia, 1733
 Geography
 Long growing seasons
 Good harbors
 Accessible rivers
 Economy
 Depended on cash crop/stable crop
Southern colonies: Virginia
 Virginia, 1607
 1st permanent English colony in North American
 Business venture by Virginia Company
 Poor relations with Native Americans/Powhatan
 Economic
 Tobacco
Maryland, 1636
 Founded by the two Lord
Baltimores
 Cecilius and George
Baltimore
 Created as a haven for
Catholics
 Eventually, Act of Toleration
was created to ensure the
rights of Catholics because
more protestant lived in
Maryland than Catholics.
The Act of Toleration (Cont.)
The Act of Toleration is a part of the foundation for
religious freedom in the Constitution.
Georgia, 1733
 Last of the 13 colonies
 Trusteeship
 James Oglethorpe settled Savannah, GA
 Created as a buffer colony betw. Spanish Florida and
South Carolina
 At 1st did not allow slavery
 Also used as a debtors’ haven (safe place
 Grew slowly
Middle Colonies/Mid-Atlantic Colonies
(Bread Basket Colonies)
 New York
 New Jersey
 Pennsylvania
Geography
 Good harbors
 Decent growing seasons
 Delaware
Economy
 Diverse agriculture
 Diverse
economy/business
New England Colonies
New England Colonies
 Massachusetts
 Connecticut
 New Hampshire
 Rhode Island
 Geography
 Water ways
 Mainly rivers, harbors, bays,
and ocean.
 Subsequent farming
 Economics
 Fur trade
 Shipping/trade
 Poor farming land
PART TWO
56
Events that effected the colonies
between 1642-1688
 English Civil War, (1642-1649)
 King Charles I was beheaded by Parliament
 Oliver Cromwell established a Commonwealth
 Restoration Period (1660-1680)
 King Charles II restored to the throne.
 Glorious Revolution, (1688)
 King James II peacefully removed from power and
replaced by William and Mary, his Protestant son-in-law
and daughter.
GPS: SSUSH2
TSWBA: Trace the ways that economy and society of
British North America developed.
a. Explain the development of Mercantilism and the
Trans-Atlantic trade.
Mercantilism
Theory of Mercantilism
 A country should try to get and keep as much bullion,
or gold and silver, as possible.
 To achieve this, a country’s balance of trade, or the
difference between imports and exports, should show
more exports than imports.
Effects on War and Politics
• The Navigation Act tightened English control over
colonial trade by requiring the colonies to sell certain
goods only to England.
• If colonists wanted to sell goods to other parts of the
world, they had to pay a duty, or tax, on it.
Effects on Trade Laws
 European countries fought over territory and trade
routes.
 British rulers tightened controls over the American
colonies. King James II tried to take direct control over
New York and New England by creating the Dominion
of New England.
Anger in the Colonies
 Colonists resented James’s grab for power and hated
the governor appoint by James II.
 King James lost in throne in the Glorious Revolution.
Tradition of Self Government
 Magna Carta, 1215
 English Bill of Rights, 1689
 House of Burgesses, (1619)
 Town meeting (New England colonies)
 Colonial assemblies had a lot of power
 Often paid governors salaries
 Created local laws concerning defense and taxation.
Salutary Neglect
 Britain allowed its colonies more freedom to govern
themselves than other European nations did. This
British policy, known as salutary neglect, had three
causes:
 England had a long tradition of strong local
government and weak central power.
 British government lacked the resources to enforce its
wishes.
 Britain gave the colonies freedom because the existing
economy and politics served the British interests.
64
The trans-Atlantic Trade
Triangular Trade
Explanation
 Triangular trade involved
several routes including the
continents of Africa (slaves),
Europe (manufactured
goods), and the Americas
(raw materials – rum, naval
stores, tobacco, etc. )
 The routes were varied but
essential to the survival of the
colonies and mercantilism.
Middle Passage
 The Middle Passage was one route of the triangular
trade that occurred between the Americas, Europe,
and Africa.
 It also refers to the forced transportation of slaves.
 It is believed that between 10 to 40 percent of the
Africans on slave ship typically died in the crossing.
66
Describe the Middle Passage
Middle Passage
Growth of African Population
Slavery
 Experience of slaves varied greatly in colonial times
 It was legal everywhere.
 In the Northeast the population of slaves was small/In
the South it was high.
 In South Carolina, slaves made up a majority of the slaves.
 In South Carolina and Georgia, slaves had a difficult
life because they lived along the coastal areas growing
the labor intensive crops of indigo and rice.
SSUSH2c
TSWBA: Identify Benjamin Franklin as a symbol of
social mobility and individualism.
Benjamin Franklin
 Benjamin Franklin was a famous printer in
Pennsylvania.
 He was a famous printer who was known for Poor
Richard’s Almanac – an almanac is a book containing
information such as colanders, weather predictions,
wise sayings, and advice.
 He retired from his career by his early 40s. He then
worked in politics, science, and would later work in
the cause of the American Revolution.
70
Benjamin Franklin
 He invented:
 Bifocals
 Lightening rod
 The Franklin stove
71
Social Mobility and Individualism
 In the colonies wealth meant land.
 Most land owners were white males.
 A small group of elite, landowning men dominated
politics.
 However, there were more social mobility (movement
from one social class to another) in the colonies than
in Europe.
72
Individualism
 Most colonial households worked to be self-sufficient
– able to make everything they needed.
 “Yankee ingenuity” – was important!
73
SSUSH2d
 TSWBA: Explain the significance of the Great
Awakening.
Great Awakening
 In the early 1700s, many ministers, mostly
Congregationalists, believed that the Puritans had
become unfaithful to their original beliefs.
 Between 1730s to 1740s, there was a series religious rival
to renew enthusiasm and commitment.
 The movement sought to remind people of the power
of God.
75
Great Awakening (cont.)
 Important people – Jonathan Edwards and George
Whitefield.
 Result
 Spread democratic ideals because the new ministers
focused on faith and sincerity as oppose to education.
“Sinners in the
hands of an angry
God”
76
 New churches grew out of these ministers
efforts – Baptists and the Methodists.
 Baptists and Methodists claimed that
individuals could act on their own faith, w/o
relying on preachers (clergy) or other
authority, they were indirectly attacking the
ideal some people were better than others.
 Other denominations split
By the mid 1700s
 The colonies’ population was growing and pushing
westward. The problem was the French and Native
Americans lived in the area west of the Appalachian
Mountains called the Ohio River Valley.
78